Gradually, Astrakhan became the largest center of trade with the Eastern countries. Khiva merchants were engaged in large-scale trade. Since the 17th century guest houses of Persians, Armenians and Indians appeared in Astrakhan, and trading companies were established. In the same century, the Astrakhan region was intensively populated. For many years after the annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate to Russia, Astrakhan was the only large settlement from Kazan to the Caspian Sea.[47] It was only in the late 1620s that the first fortified cities appeared in the Astrakhan region. In 1627, a small fortress, Cherny Yar, was built, located 400 kilometers north of Astrakhan, between 1665 and 1667. To protect Astrakhan and guard the fishing industry in the east, the Krasny Yar fortress was built.[15]
References
123Pokhlebkin, V.V. (2000). Tatars and Rus'. 360 Years of Relations between Rus and Tatar States in 13th–16th Centuries, 1238–1598. International Relations Directory. ISBN5-7133-1008-6.
Spiridov, Matvey Grigorievich (1810). An abbreviated description of the services of the noble Russian gentry, arranged according to their families, with an indication of from whom those families received their origin, or where the founders came from, or what their origin was… (in Russian). Vol.1. М.: University printing house. pp.115–116.
↑"CHEREMISINOV," "Encyclopedic Reference Dictionary," vol. XII, St. Petersburg, 1847, p. 125. — Karamzin, "History of the Russian State." — Soloviev, "History of Russia." Accessed 26 March 2025, available at: https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_biography/16049/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2
↑Lavrov L. I. (1958). "Tarkh in the 18th Century". Scientific Notes of the Institute of History, Language, and Literature of the Dagestan Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Vol.4. Makhachkala.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Penskoy, Vitaly Viktorovich (2017). "Essay IV. Stages of a Long Journey: Streltsy Leader, Monk-Defrocked, and Nobleman by His Royal Grace — Timofey Ivanovich Pukhov Teterin". Centurions of Ivan the Terrible: Voivodes and Heads of the Moscow Army in the Second Half of the 16th Century (in Russian). Tsentrpoligraf. p.319. ISBN978-5-227-07236-8.
↑"Ivan IV". Russian Court. Retrieved 26 March 2025.
↑Зайцев, И. В. (2004). Астраханское ханство (in Russian). Moscow: Российская Академия Наук.
↑Crummey, Robert O. (6 June 2014). The Formation of Muscovy 1300 – 1613. Routledge. ISBN978-1-317-87200-9.. In *The Formation of Muscovy 1300 - 1613*, Robert O. Crummey examines the emergence of Muscovy as a powerful state during the medieval period, including the processes of political consolidation and territorial expansion. This book provides key insights into the factors that influenced Muscovy's expansion into regions like the Volga-Ural and the Crimea, offering critical context for understanding the eventual conquest of the Astrakhan Khanate by Russia. Crummey's work is vital for exploring the broader themes of Russian state-building and territorial growth in the context of the Astrakhan conquest.
↑Documents of the Crimean khanate from the collection of Huseyn Feyzkhanov / comp. and the transliteration. R. R. Abdujalilov; scientific. edited by I. Mingaleev. – Simferopol: LLC "Konstanta". 2017. 816 p. ISBN978-5-906952-38-7
↑Sagit Faizov. Letters of khans Islam Giray III and Muhammad Giray IV to Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich and king Jan Kazimir, 1654–1658: Crimean Tatar diplomacy in polit. post-Pereyaslav context. time. Moscow: Humanitarii, 2003. 166 p. ISBN5-89221-075-8
↑ Frank, Allen J. (2009). "The Western Steppe: Volga-Ural Region, Siberia and the Crimea". Nicola Di Cosmo; Allen J. Frank; Peter B. Golden (eds.). The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age . Cambridge University Press. pp. 237–259 . ISBN978-0-521-84926-5。『ケンブリッジ内陸アジア史』のこの章では、ヴォルガ・ウラル地域、シベリア、クリミア半島を中心に、西ステップ地帯を詳細に分析しています。アストラハン・ハン国を含む様々なテュルク系およびモンゴル系集団間の相互作用、そしてロシア国家との関係を探ります。この章の詳細な歴史的背景は、最終的にロシアによるアストラハン征服につながった地政学的状況を明らかにします。内陸アジア史のより広い枠組みと、その歴史におけるアストラハンの役割を理解する上で、貴重な資料となるでしょう。
↑フセイン・フェイズハノフのコレクションからのクリミア・ハン国の文書 / RR アブドゥジャリロフ編纂・翻字、I. ミンガレーエフ編集。シンフェロポリ:LLC「コンスタンタ」、2017年。816ページ。ISBN978-5-906952-38-7. This compilation provides critical primary sources from the Crimean Khanate, offering a unique insight into diplomatic, administrative, and cultural exchanges between the Crimean Tatars and neighboring states. The documents within the collection, spanning several centuries, highlight the Crimean Khanate's interactions with the Russian state, including crucial periods relevant to the conquest of Astrakhan. The analysis of these documents helps to understand the broader geopolitical dynamics that shaped the conquest of the Astrakhan Khanate.
↑Zaytsev, I.V. (2006). Astrakhan Khanate. Eastern Literature Publishing. ISBN5-02-018538-8.
↑Shishkin, S.P. (2010). From Ancient Rus to the Russian Empire. Ufa.
↑Ministry of Defense of Russia (Details of the RVSN url=https://xn--d1abichgllj9dyd8a.xn-)
↑Volkov, V. A. Wars and Armies of the Moscow State. pp. 133–158.
↑D. M. Volodikhin. Governors of Ivan the Terrible. Collection of Biographical Sketches. — M.: Veche, 2009. — (Mysteries of the Russian Land). — p. 282. Appendix No. 3. Registry of Oprichnina Governors. p. 285. — ISBN978-5-9533-3665-9.
Karamzin, Nikolai M. (1818). History of the Russian State (in Russian). Vol.8. Moscow: Imperial Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
↑Полное собрание русских летописей (in Russian). Vol.13. Moscow: Наука. 2000.
↑Zaitsev, I. V. (2004). Astrakhan Khanate (in Russian). Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences.
↑Martin, Janet (1996). Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Cambridge University Press.
↑Penskoi, Vitaliy (2012). Иван Грозный и Девлет-Герей[Ivan the Terrible and Devlet-Gerey] (in Russian). Moscow: Вече. ISBN978-5-9533-6428-7.
↑Toropitsyn, I. V. (2013). "V. N. Tatishchev: "In Chyorny Yar, Yenotayevskaya, and Kizlyar Fortresses ... take strong precautions." Construction and reconstruction of fortifications in the Lower Volga region and the North Caucasus in the 1740s". Military-Historical Journal (3): 48–52.
↑Zverinsky, V. V. (1890). Materials for Historical and Topographical Research on Orthodox Monasteries in the Russian Empire. Vol.1. Saint Petersburg: Bezobrazov Printing Company. p.82.
Zaitsev, I. V. (2004). Astrakhan Khanate (in Russian). Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences.
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