A-not-A 質問

（１）ジョンはパーティーにいましたか、それともいませんでしたか？

（２）ジョンは昨夜のパーティーにいましたか、それともいませんでしたか？

（４）ジョンは昨夜のパーティーにいましたか、それともいませんでしたか？

（３）ジョンは昨夜のパーティーにいましたか、それともいませんでしたか？

A-not-A疑問文に関する支配的な見解は、NQがwh語に似ており、NQの移動によって関連付けられているというものである。^{[ 8 ] [ 7 ]}この移動はhaishi 「または」を用いた選択型疑問文には見られないため、構造的にA-not-A疑問文と選択疑問文を区別する。この統語的差異により、A-not-A疑問文は、島嶼の感受性を明らかにする目的でhaishi疑問文と対比されることがある。

中国語には、A-not-A の 6 つのパターンが確認されています。A-not-A、AB-not-AB、A-not-AB、AB-not-A、a-not-A、a-not-AB で、ここで「A」は述語の完全な形、「B」は補語、「a」は 2 音節述語の最初の音節を表します。^{[ 9 ]}

A-not-A は、動詞、形容詞、副詞^{[ 11 ]}および助動詞^{[ 1 ]によって形成されることがあります。}

The following negative markers are used.^[16] Alternate transliterations are shown in bold.

 (19) a. m negative of volition (m-1) b. m negative simplex (m-2) c. bo negative possessive/existential/affirmative aspect bou d. bue negative potential/possibility e. be negative perfective aspect

While m-1 occurs as a free morpheme with its own semantic feature indicating volition, m-2 cannot function by itself as a verb and works only to express negation. It is attested only with a limited amount of verbs.

Shown below are A-not-A constructions in Amoy.^[17]

Example (26) illustrates the use of an, short form for ani-, which expresses simple negation. Here A is ca-ni, 'sleep-COMP', and ca-ni an ca-ni is 'sleep-COMP not sleep-COMP'.

Example (27) illustrates the use of mos, which expresses impossibility or inability. Here A is ka-ss-ni, 'go-PAST-COMP' and ka-ss-ni mos ka-ss-ni is 'go-PAST-COMP cannot go-PAST-COMP'.

Example (28) illustrates the use of molu-, which means 'don't know'.

Example (29) illustrates the use of esp-, which means 'do not have; do not exist'.

Example (30) illustrates the use of ani-, which means 'is not'.

Meaning 'desist from', mal follows an affirmative polar question, and will occur instead of a reduplicated full verb that has a post predicate negation, meaning that there is only one full verb in this type of A-not-A question.

However, the modal auxiliary verbmal is restricted in that it does not co-occur in predicative adjectives or the factual complementizerni. Moreover, with mal being a bound form, it cannot be the echo negative answer. Instead, the full negative verb will be provided as the answer, taking an negation, as illustrated in (32).

The A-not-A operator is defined as an MWd. The A-not-A operator can only lower to a MWd which is immediately dominated by the maximal projection that is also immediately dominated by the maximal projection of the A-not-A operator. An SWd cannot be the target for the A-not-A operator. In addition, if there is an intervening MWd or SWd between the A-not-A operator and its target, the A-not-A operation fails.^[13]

A-not-A operator lowering must satisfy four conditions:

1. The A-not-A operator targets the closest MWd that is the X′-theoretic head that it c-commands.
2. Closeness of the head is qualified by: (i) The closest head is a X′-theoretic head of the maximal which is immediately dominated by the maximal projection of the A-not-A operator. (ii) The target must have overt phonological realization.
3. There is not any non-X′-theoretic head or SWd intervening between the A-not-A operator and its target.
4. Intervention is defined by c-command relation.

After lowering, the A-not-A operator triggers reduplication on the target node. The reduplication domain can be the first syllable of the targeted element, the targeted element itself, and the maximal projection that contains the targeted element. Reduplication is linear and the A-not-A operator cannot skip the adjacent constituent to copy the next constituent.^[13]

In first syllable reduplication, the A-not-A operator copies the first syllable of the adjacent MWd and moves the reduplicant, i.e. copied syllable, to the left of the base MWd. Then the negation is inserted between the reduplicant and base to form a grammatical sentence. In (33.a), the A-not-A operator copies the first syllable tao of the MWd taoyan. The reduplicant tao is put at the left of the base taoyan and then the negative constituent bu is inserted in between. In figure (33.b) *Zhangsan taoyan Lisi-bu-tao is ungrammatical because tao cannot be put to the right of the maximal projection VP, taoyan Lisi.

In MWd reduplication, the A-not-A operator copies the adjacent MWd and moves the reduplicant MWd overtly to the left of the base MWd or to right of the base maximal projection containing the MWd. Otherwise, the reduplicant can move covertly, i.e. in such a way that there is no overt surface evidence, to the right of the base maximal projection containing the MWd. The negation is then inserted between the reduplicant and base to form a grammatical sentence. In (34.a) the A-not-A operator copies the MWd taoyan. The reduplicant taoyan is overtly put at the left of the base taoyan and then the negative constituent bu is inserted in between. In (34.b) the A-not-A operator copies the MWd taoyan. The reduplicant taoyan is overtly put at the right of the base taoyan Lisi and then the negative constituent bu is inserted in between. In (34.c) the A-not-A operator copies the MWd taoyan. The reduplicant taoyan is covertly put at the right of the base taoyan Lisi after which the negative constituent bu is inserted.

In maximal projection reduplication, the A-not-A operator copies the maximal projection that contains the adjacent MWd and moves the reduplicant either to the left or to the right of the base. The base may be just the MWd or the maximal projection containing the MWd. The maximal projection may be any XP (VP, AP, PP etc.). The negation is then inserted between the reduplicant and base to form a grammatical sentence. In (35) the A-not-A operator copies the maximal projection VP taoyan Lisi. The reduplicant taoyan Lisi is put at the left of the base taoyan Lisi and then the negative constituent bu is inserted in between.