400 years of sunspot history, including the Maunder Minimum"The prediction for solar cycle 24 gave a smoothed sunspot number maximum of about 101 in the late 2013. The smoothed sunspot number reached 116.4 in April 2014. This will probably become the official maximum. This second peak surpassed the level of the first peak (98.3 in March 2012). Many cycles are double peaked but this is the first in which the second peak in sunspot number was larger than the first. We are currently over seven years into cycle 24. The predicted and observed size made this the smallest sunspot cycle since cycle 14, which had a maximum smoothed number of 107.2 in February of 1906."[1]
The magnetic field of the Sun flips during each solar cycle, with the flip occurring when the solar cycle is near its maximum. After two solar cycles, the Sun's magnetic field returns to its original state, completing what is known as a Hale cycle.
This cycle has been observed for centuries by changes in the Sun's appearance and by terrestrial phenomena such as aurora but was not clearly identified until 1843. Solar activity, driven by both the solar cycle and transient aperiodic processes, governs the environment of interplanetary space by creating space weather and impacting space- and ground-based technologies as well as the Earth's atmosphere and also possibly climate fluctuations on scales of centuries and longer.
Understanding and predicting the solar cycle remains one of the grand challenges in astrophysics with major ramifications for space science and the understanding of magnetohydrodynamic phenomena elsewhere in the universe.
1 2シュワーベ (1843)。「Sonnenbeobachtungen im Jahre 1843」[ 1843 年の太陽の観察]。Astronomische Nachrichten (ドイツ語)。21 : 233–236 .235 ページより: 「Vergleicht man nun die Zahl der Gruppen und der flecken-freien Tage mit einander, so findet man, dass die Sonnenflecken eine Periode von ungefähr 10 Jahren hatten」 (「[黒点の] グループの数と黒点のない日数を互いに比較すると、黒点には期間は約10年)
↑ウルフ、R. (1852)。 "Neue untersuchungen über die periode der Sonnenflecken und ihre bedeutung" [黒点の周期とその重要性に関する新たな研究]。ベルンの Mittheilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft (ドイツ語)。255:249~ 270
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External links
NOAA / NESDIS / NGDC (2002) Solar Variability Affecting Earth NOAA CD-ROM NGDC-05/01. This CD-ROM contains over 100 solar-terrestrial and related global data bases covering the period through April 1990.
Solanki, S.K.; Fligge, M. (2001). Wilson, A. (ed.). Long-term changes in solar irradiance. Proceedings of the 1st Solar and Space Weather Euroconference, 25–29 September 2000, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain. The Solar Cycle and Terrestrial Climate. Vol.463. ESA Publications Division. pp.51–60. Bibcode:2000ESASP.463...51S. ISBN978-92-9092-693-1. ESA SP-463.
Recent Total Solar Irradiance dataArchived 2013-07-06 at the Wayback Machine updated every Monday