Ben Hamida, Mineka and Bailey (1998)[9] have also looked into sex differences in mate preference. It seems that men tend to select traits such as attractiveness, youth and body shape and size, suggesting a preference for uncontrollable qualities. This however differs from what females focus on, which are traits that are thought to be controlled, such as status, ambition, job prospects and physical strength.
Furthermore, females are more interested in the ability to provide resources in men. Trivers (1972)[28] suggested that this was the case due to the higher obligatory biological parental investment. Parental investment refers to how many resources, physical and emotional, that a parent expends on their offspring. As females carry the offspring throughout pregnancy as well as physically giving birth to them, they have the higher obligatory investment in the offspring than males do. Consequently, they require a mate with attributes that means they will be able to support and provide for the offspring once it has been born. Females, therefore, aim to have partners that are willing to invest into them and their offspring.
Although there are differences in mate values between males and females; Buss (1989) also found that traits such as intelligence and health are rated equally in terms of importance by both men and women.[11] This suggests that although there are obvious differences, there are also inherent similarities between the two.
Attractiveness
When looking at what affects mate value, attractiveness and body features seem to be a consistent indicator with certain characteristics predicting an increased mate value.[29] Fink and Penton-Voak (2002)[30] found that the symmetry of a face is one method used to determine a person's attractiveness. People tend to value a high level of similarity when considering a potential mate. Another study[31] looked at the effects of self-perceived attractiveness on mate preference and found that females who consider themselves above average attractiveness tended to prefer mates of a higher masculinity.
↑ DeIuliis, S. (2013).配偶者価値の差が関係の期間と満足度に及ぼす影響(優等学位論文)。カーネギーメロン大学ディートリッヒ人文社会科学部。
↑ Eastwick, Paul W.; Hunt, Lucy L. (2014). "関係における配偶者の価値:恋愛評価における合意と独自性". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 106 (5): 728– 751. doi : 10.1037/a0035884 . PMID 24611897 .
1 2 Buss, David M.; Shackelford, Todd K.; Kirkpatrick, Lee A.; Larsen, Randy J. (2001). "A Half Century of Mate Preferences: The Cultural Evolution of Values". Journal of Marriage and Family . 63 (2): 491– 503. doi : 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00491.x .
1 2 Ben Hamida, S; Mineka, S; Bailey, J. M (1998). "配偶者価値の制御可能性の認識における性差:進化論的視点". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 75 (4): 953– 966. doi : 10.1037/0022-3514.75.4.953 . PMID 9825529 .
↑フィンク、ベルンハルト; ペントン=ヴォーク、イアン (2002). "顔の魅力の進化心理学". Current Directions in Psychological Science . 11 (5): 154– 158. doi : 10.1111/1467-8721.00190 . S2CID 10217832 .
1 2 3 4 Buss, David M. (1989). "人間の配偶者選択における性差:37の文化で検証された進化仮説" . Behavioral and Brain Sciences . 12 (1): 1– 14. doi : 10.1017/S0140525X00023992 .
↑ Singh, D. (2000年11月). ウエスト・ヒップ比:女性の配偶者価値の指標。京都シンポジウム「人間の配偶者選択」11月(pp. 20-24)。
↑ Buss, DM; Abbott, M.; Angleitner, A.; Asherian, A.; Biaggio, A.; Blanco-Villasenor, A.; El Lohamy, N. (1990). "配偶者選択における国際的な嗜好:37の文化の研究" (PDF) . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology . 21 (1): 5– 47. doi : 10.1177/0022022190211001 . hdl : 2027.42/67686 . S2CID 140797024 .
↑ Buss, DM; Shackelford, TK; Kirkpatrick, LA; Larsen, RJ (2001). "配偶者の好みの半世紀:価値観の文化的進化". Journal of Marriage and Family . 63 (2): 491– 503. doi : 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00491.x .
↑ Wetsman, A.; Marlowe, F. (1999). "女性のウエスト・ヒップ比に対する好みはどれほど普遍的か?タンザニアのハッザ族からの証拠". Evolution and Human Behavior . 20 (4): 219– 228. Bibcode : 1999EHumB..20..219W . doi : 10.1016/s1090-5138(99)00007-0 .
1 2 Buss, DM; Barnes, M. (1986). "人間の配偶者選択における好み". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 50 (3): 559. doi : 10.1037/0022-3514.50.3.559 .
1 2 Trivers, R (1972). "親の投資と性淘汰" (PDF) . B. Campbell (編) 『性淘汰と人類の進化: 1871 - 1971』所収。シカゴ: Aldine。pp. 136–179 。 2020年11月27日にオリジナル(PDF)からアーカイブ済み。 2018年11月20日取得。
↑ Singh, D. (2002). 女性の配偶者価値を一目で把握:ウエスト・ヒップ比と健康、生殖能力、魅力の関係。Neuroendocrinology letters, 23(Suppl 4), 81-91.
↑ Fink, B.; Penton-Voak, I. (2002). "顔の魅力の進化心理学". Current Directions in Psychological Science . 11 (5): 154– 158. doi : 10.1111/1467-8721.00190 . S2CID 10217832 .
1 2 Little, AC; Burt, DM; Penton-Voak, IS; Perrett, DI (2001). "自己認識された魅力は、男性の顔の性的二形性と対称性に対する女性の好みに影響を与える" . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences . 268 (1462): 39– 44. doi : 10.1098/rspb.2000.1327 . PMC 1087598 . PMID 12123296 .
↑ Singh, D.; Young, RK (1995). "体重、ウエスト・ヒップ比、胸、ヒップ:女性の魅力と交際相手としての望ましさの判断における役割". Ethology and Sociobiology . 16 (6): 483– 507. doi : 10.1016/0162-3095(95)00074-7 .
↑ Thornhill, R., & Gangestad, SW (1999). 顔の魅力。認知科学の動向、3(12)、452-460。
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↑ Jonason, Peter K.; Li, Norman P.; Webster, Gregory D.; Schmitt, David P. (2009). "The dark triad: Facilitating a short-term mating strategy in men". European Journal of Personality . 23 (1): 5– 18. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.650.5749 . doi : 10.1002/per.698 . S2CID 12854051 .
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1 2 Penke, Lars; Denissen, Jaap JA (2008). "Sex differences and lifestyle-dependent shifts in the attunement of self-esteem to self-perceived mate value: Hints to an adaptive mechanism?". Journal of Research in Personality . 42 (4): 1123– 1129. doi : 10.1016/j.jrp.2008.02.003 .
↑ Shackelford, Todd K. (2001). "結婚における自尊心". Personality and Individual Differences . 30 (3): 371– 390. doi : 10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00023-4 .
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↑ Hönekopp, J; Rudolph, U; Beier, L; Liebert, A; Müller, C (2007). "男性の身体的フィットネスの指標としての顔と体の身体的魅力". Evolution and Human Behavior . 28 (2): 106– 111. Bibcode : 2007EHumB..28..106H . doi : 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.09.001 .
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