学位一覧

学術的ランク（科学的ランクともいう）は、大学、高校、大学、研究機関における科学者または教師のランクです。学術的ランクは、学界における個人の相対的な重要性と権力を示します。

学術上の階級は各国に固有のものであり、世界的に統一された階級制度はない。一般的な階級としては、教授、准教授（ドセント）、助教授、講師などがある。^[1]

ほとんどの場合、学位は、同じ名前の職に就いた時点で自動的に付与され、勤務関係が終了すると剥奪されます。したがって、「学位」という用語は通常、「学術界における地位」と同じ意味になります。

しかし、一部の国では、「地位」と「学術的地位」という用語は同義ではありません。したがって、現代のロシアでは、講師と教授の地位は存在しますが、学術界における地位の範囲はより広いです。学術的地位は、一定期間講師または教授の地位で成功裏に働いた後にのみ授与され（その後、中央集権的な管理手続きを経た後）、つまり入学時に授与されるのではなく、生涯保持されます。^[2]

以下の学術ランクのリストは、学術界の学者や職員に見られる階層的なランク構造を示しています。以下のリストは特に世界中の大学に言及していますが、他の高等教育機関も同様の体系に従っている場合があります。

アフガニスタンの大学のランクは、アフガニスタン高等教育省（MoHE）によると以下の通りです。これらのランクは、一定の手続き、勤務期間、条件を経て、MoHEによって段階的に発行されます。^[3]

• ティーチング・アシスタント (パシュトゥー語 پوهنیار)
• 上級ティーチングアシスタント (パシュトゥー語 پوهنمل)
• 助教授 (パシュトゥー語 پوهندوی)
• 准教授 (パシュトゥー語 پوهنوال)
• 教授 (パシュトゥー語 پوهاند)[1]

名誉学位：

• 特別教授 (パシュトゥー語 لوی پوهاند)

一般的な呼び方: ostād または استاد

アルバニア教育省によると、アルバニアの大学のランクは以下のとおりです。これらのランクは、一定の手続き、勤務期間、条件を経て、高等教育省によって段階的に発行されます。

• 助教
• 博士号またはPhDを取得した講師
• 准教授
• 教授

学術上の順位

• Professeur / Professeur Hospitalo-universitaire (أستاذ / أستاذ إستشفائي-جامعي )、教授に相当
• Maître de Conférences, classe A / Maître de Conférences Hospitalo-universitaire, classe A (أستاذ محاضر قسم أ/أستاذ محاضر إستشفائي-جامعي قسم أ)、准教授(レベル)に相当A)
• Maître de Conférences, classe B / Maître de Conférences Hospitalo-universitaire, classe B (أستاذ محاضر قسم أ/أستاذ محاضر إستشفائي-جامعي قسم ب)、准教授（レベル）に相当B)
• Maître Assistant, classe A / Maître Assistant Hospitalo-universitaire, classe A (أستاذ مساعد قسم أ/أستاذ مساعد إستشفائي-جامعي قسم أ)、講師または助教授 (レベル A) に相当します。
• メートル・アシスタント、クラス B (أستاذ مساعد قسم ب)、講師または助教授 (レベル B) に相当

いや†÷←→

• 研究ディレクター
• メートル・ド・ルシェルシュ、クラスA
• メートル・ド・ルシェルシュ、クラスB
• 研究員
• 研究員

行政階級

• 学長
• 副学長
• ディーン
• 副学部長
• 部門長

終身在職権：^[4]

• Profesor Titular OrdinarioまたはProfesor Titular Regular。終身在任制の完全教授職。
• Profesor Asociado OrdinarioまたはProfesor Asociado Regular。終身在職の准教授職。
• Profesor Adjunto OrdinarioまたはProfesor Adjunto Regular。終身在職の非常勤教授職。

• 卓越教授、名誉教授、および知識と社会に対する最高の栄誉と貢献を称えるその他の教授職。
• レベル E – 教授、または教授級または上級主席研究員。米国では著名教授、英国では教授に相当します。
• レベル D – 准教授、または研究集約型の場合は主任研究員。英国の大学の准教授または准教授に相当します。
• レベル C – 上級講師、または研究集約型の場合は上級研究員。英国の大学の上級講師/主任講師に相当します。
• レベル B – 講師、または研究が集中している場合は研究員。レベル B は、終身在職権を持つ最初の学術ランクであり、通常は少なくとも博士号の取得が必要です。
• レベル A - 准講師、または研究重視の場合は准フェロー。

各レベルには、複数のバンドまたはステップがあることがよくあります (例: レベル B - 6 ステップ、レベル C - 6 ステップ、レベル D - 4 ステップ)。たとえば、レベル D の称号を獲得した学者は、これまでの学術サービスで 12 バンド/ステップを昇進したか、または蓄積された学術的業績で同等の進歩を遂げています。レベル E には 1 つのステップしかありません。学者は、昇進の正式な申請 (通常はピア レビュー プロセス) を行わない限り、レベル B のステップ 6 からレベル C のステップ 1 に自動的に昇進することはできません。

バングラデシュの大学レベルでは、教師は主に 4 つのクラスに分類されます。教師の階級は、講師、助教授、准教授、教授と上がります。大学講師は通常、修士号を取得している必要があります。博士号を取得した後、助教授から任命され、研究/教育経験に応じて准教授、教授へと徐々に昇進します。これらのほか、退職後には、特別教授に名誉教授の称号が与えられます。

• 名誉教授
• 教授
• 准教授
• 助教授
• 講師
• デモンストレーター

学術上の順位

• Prafiesar / Прафесар (正教授)
• Dacent / Дацэнт (准教授)
• Starejšy vykladčyk / Старэйгы выкладчык (上級講師)
• 助手 / Vykladčyk / Асістэнт / Выкладчык (助教 / 講師)

研究者の職位別内訳

• Haloŭny navukovy supracoŭnik / Галоўны навуковы супрацоўнік (主任研究員)
• Viadučy navukovy supracoŭnik / Вядучы навуковы супрацоўнік (主任研究員)
• Starejšy navukovy supracoŭnik / Старэйбы навуковы супрацоўнік (上級研究員)
• Navkovy supracoŭnik / Навуковы супрацоўнік (研究者)
• Malodšy navukovy supracoŭnik / Малодлы навуковы супрацоўнік (次席研究員)

行政階級

• Rektar / Рэктар、レクター
• Prarektar / Прарэктар、副学長
• Dekan fakultetа / Дэкан факультэта、学部長
• ナミエスニク デカナ / Намеснік дэкана、副学部長
• Zahadčyk kafiedry / Загадчык кафедры、部門長

オランダ語コミュニティ

• Gewoon hoogleraar (正教授、常勤) (教授)
• Deeltijds gewoon hoogleraar - buitengewoon hoogleraar (正教授、非常勤) (以前: 特別教授)
• Hoogleraar (教授、読者)
• ホーフドセントⅡ世（准教授、主任講師）
• Hoofddocent I (准教授、上級講師)
• 講師（助教授、講師）
• 医師助手（研究者、博士号取得者）
• アシスタント（研究アシスタント、博士課程在籍またはポスドク段階）
• 志願者（研究員、博士課程在籍、科学研究基金 FWO により任命）

行政階級:

• 学長
• 副学長
• デカーン（学部長）

フランス語圏のコミュニティ

• Professeur ordinaire (正教授)
• 特別教授（スイスの客員教授、ベルギーの非常勤教授）
• 教授（プロフェッサー）
• 短期特別研究員（准教授、終身在職期間）
• 臨時臨時教員（准教授、テニュアトラック）
• 臨時特別講師（客員助教、任期なし）
• 研究ディレクター（国立科学研究基金 FRS-FNRSにより任命された研究ディレクター / 上級研究員）
• アグレジェ作業長（上級研究員、博士号取得者、以前はアグレジェ教育に携わっていた）
• 研究主任（上級研究員/上級研究員、博士号取得者、国立科学研究基金 FRS-FNRS 任命、終身在職権あり）
• シェフ・ド・トラヴォー（主任研究員、博士号取得）
• 上級研究員/研究員、博士号取得者、連邦研究評議会 FNRS により任命、終身在職権あり
• プレミアアシスタント（上級研究アシスタント/ジュニア講師、博士号取得者）
• メートル・ダンシヌマン（ボランティア講師、博士号取得、無給、無任期）
• 会議長（講師、博士号取得、時間給、任期なし）
• 研究代理（国立科学研究基金 FRS-FNRS により任命）
• Assistant [de recherche] (研究助手)
• 志願者（国立科学研究基金 FRS-FNRS により任命された博士課程在籍の研究員）

行政階級:

• 学長（学長）
• 副学長
• ドイエン（学部長、つまり選出された学部長）
• 研究所長（選出された研究所長）
• 副学部長（学部の学部長）
• Président de departement (局長、選出)

• 教授- 教授（博士号または博士号を取得し、 Vanredni教授として最低6年間^の経験を有すること）
• ヴァンレドニ教授- 准教授（博士号または博士号を持ち、講師として最低 5 年間の経験を有している必要があります）
• 講師- 助教授（博士号または博士号を取得している必要があります。関連する職務経験も必要になる場合があります）
• Viši Asistent – 上級ティーチングアシスタント（優秀な成績で修士号以上を取得している必要があります。関連する就業経験も必要になる場合があります）
• アシスタント- ティーチングアシスタント（優秀な成績で学士号を取得している必要があります。関連する就業経験も必要になる場合があります）

行政階級

• Rektor – 学長 / 総長 / 学長 / 大学長
• Prorektor – 副総長 / 副学長 / 副学長 / 大学副学長
• デカン– 大学の学部長または学科長
• プロデカン– 大学の学部または学科の副学部長/副学部長
• シェフ・カテドレ– 部門長

名誉階級

• 名誉教授– 名誉教授

ブラジルの私立大学には公式の学術ランキングはありません。ただし、ほとんどの公立連邦大学では、次のランキングが適用されます（最高位から最低位まで）。

• 名誉教授（名誉教授）
• 教授（教授） – 博士号が必要
• Professor Associado (准教授) – 博士号が必要
• アジュント教授（助教授） – 博士号が必要
• 助教授（講師） – 修士号のみ必要
• 助教授（助教） - 大学院の学位は不要
• 教授 Substituto ou Temporário (臨時講師)

• 教授/正教授 – Професор
• 博士/准教授 – Доцент
• 主任/上級助教 – Главен Асистент
• 助教授 – Асистент

大学

• 助教授 – Асистент
• 主任/上級助教 – Главен Асистент
• 博士/准教授 – Доцент
• 教授/正教授 – Професор

科学アカデミー

• 科学者III：修士論文またはディプロマ取得後、アシスタントと同等
• 科学者 II: 博士論文/PhD/博士論文後、博士号取得後（修士号取得後 3～5 年または 7 年間の勤務）、シェフアシスタント、*准教授または博士研究員と同等
• 科学者 I: 2 回目のポスドク (博士号/博士号取得後 1 年または 2 年間勤務) の後、シニア アシスタントまたはシニア アソシエイトと同等。
• 上級科学者 I: 博士号 (米国、英国など) または博士論文 (フランス、ドイツ、ロシアなど) 取得後、数年間のポスドク研究員 (准教授と同等) を経て取得。
• 上級科学者II：資格取得後、教授と同等
• 教授

科学アカデミーの高等行政

• 科学アカデミー通信員（教授資格取得後）は非常に稀
• 学術: 通信会員後（ブルガリア全土）。

行政階級

• 学長
• 副学長
• 副学長
• 事務総長
• 学術オンブズマン

教員（教職員）

• 名誉教授または名誉大学教授、現在も研究活動を行っている退職教授。Fr professeur émérite
• 寄付講座教授（例：カナダ研究講座教授 - Tier 1）、寄付講座を持つ著名な教授
• 教授または教授（研究教授、実務教授、客員教授、非常勤教授、名誉教授、フランス語: professeur titulaire）
• 准教授（研究准教授、客員准教授、非常勤准教授、フランス語：professeur agrégé）
• 上級講師（教授）
• 助教授（研究助教授、非常勤助教授、フランス語：professeur adjoint）
• 講師またはインストラクター（非常勤講師または非常勤インストラクター; Fr chargé de cours）

助教授は、終身在職権を持たない教員の 初級レベルの階級です。

教員以外の教育研究職員

• シニアフェロー、シニアリサーチフェロー、シニアサイエンティスト / Fr chercheur sénior
• 研究員、研究者、科学者 / Fr chercheur
• 研究指導者または主任研究者 / Fr directeur de recherche
• 研究員または博士研究員/ Fr associé de recherche
• 研究助手またはティーチングアシスタント/ Fr auxiliaire de recherche

行政階級

• 学部長（多くの場合教授も兼任）
• 准学部長（多くの場合教授も兼任）
• 管理部門のディレクター
• 管理部門の副部長/アシスタントディレクター
• 学部長（通常は教授）
• 大学院コーディネーター
• 学部コーディネーター

チリには、学術的範囲を定める一般法はありませんが、通常は Profesor Titular (教授)、Profesor Asociado (准教授)、Profesor Asistente (助教授)、および Instructor が使用されます。

チリ最古の大学であるチリ大学は、一般カテゴリー、教育カテゴリー、非常勤カテゴリー、およびポスドク研究員の3つの学術カテゴリーを区別しています。^[6]「各カテゴリーには独自の学術ランクがあります。一般学術カテゴリーの学者は、高等教育および研究または芸術的創造を行う必要があります。」 「学術教育カテゴリーの学者は、学術研究の分野における優れた専門的仕事に支えられた優れた教育を行う必要があります。」 「非常勤学術カテゴリーの学者は、優れた教育、科学的研究、芸術的創造、または拡張を行う必要があります。」 「彼らはまた、自分の専門分野における優れた学術的または専門的仕事を示す必要があります。」 さらに、名誉教授、名誉教授または研究所教授、客員教授の3つの学術的地位があります。

通常の学術キャリアと学術教育キャリアには次のランクがあります。

• 名誉教授（終身在職権を持つ教授の地位。大学の最高学位です）。
• Profesor asociado (終身在職権のある准教授職)。
• 助教授
• 講師

インストラクターのランクは「大学の任務に対する適性の訓練と向上、および検証の段階に対応します」。アシスタント教授、准教授、名誉教授のランクは「大学の任務に十分な訓練を受け、創造的かつ適切な方法で任務を遂行する能力を持ち、レベルに応じてさまざまな程度の自律性を持つ学者に対応します」。准教授と名誉教授のランクは、大学の上級評価委員会によって決定されます。その他のランクは、各学部の委員会によって決定されます。

非常勤講師のカテゴリーには准教授のランクのみあり、ポストドクター研究員のカテゴリーには他のランクはありません。

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile には、通常の学術カテゴリーに対して、Titular 教授、Asociado 教授、Asistente 教授という同じ 3 つの階層があります。^[7]また、非常勤教授、非常勤講師、非常勤研究員、博士研究員、訪問教授という 5 つの非常勤学術カテゴリーも認められています。

• 上級ランク
  • 学歴: 教授 (教授)
  • 研究トラック: 研究者 (研究员)
• 副上級
  • 学術課程: 准教授 (副教授)
  • 研究職名: 准研究員 (副研究员)
• 中位ランク
  • 学術課程: 助教授 (助理教授)または講師 (讲师)
  • 研究職名: 助理研究员
• ジュニアランク
  • アカデミックトラック: 助教
  • 研究トラック: インターン研究員 (实习研究员)

• 名誉教授または特別教授（名誉教授）
• 教授 (カテドラティコ教授)
• 准教授（アソシアド教授）
• 非常勤教授（Professor Adjunto）
• 講師 教授 (Professor Instructor)
• 客員教授（Professor Visitante）

上記のリストは、コスタリカ大学が学術制度に使用している階級を示しています。ただし、コスタリカには正式または法的な学術階級はありません。各大学が独自の名称を決定します。たとえば、コスタリカ大学では最高階級は「Profesor Catedrático」で、5 年以下の「licencitatura」学位と 15 年の教育/研究経験、および 16 件の出版物が必要です (https://www.ucr.ac.cr/docencia/personal-docente.html)。他のほとんどの大学には同様の枠組みがなく、教授という肩書きは誰にも規制されずに使用されています。

• Redoviti Profesor u trajnom zvanju著名教授に相当 (prof. dr. sc. 名前 姓)
• レドビティ教授（教授に相当する）（prof. dr. sc. 氏名 姓）
• イズヴァンレドニ教授准教授に相当 (izv. prof. dr. sc. 名前 姓)
• 助教授に相当する講師（博士（doc. dr. sc. 氏名 姓））
• ポスドク研究員/研究者に相当するアシスタント（博士、学士、名前、姓）
• アシスタント（通常は博士課程の学生）は、教育/研究アシスタントに相当します。
• ヴィシ・プレダヴァチ上級講師に相当
• 講師に相当するプレダヴァチ

名誉学術位

• 名誉教授– 退職した教授に授与される

行政階級

• Rektor は、大学の学長、学長に相当します（米国では大学の学長に相当します）。
• Prorektor はprorector に相当し、大学長補佐（米国では大学副学長に相当）
• 大学の学部長、学科長、または学部長に相当するデカン
• プロデカンは副学部長、学部長補佐に相当する
• プロチェルニク・オシェカ部門長に相当
• Predstojnik zavoda / katedre部門長に相当

名誉:

• 名誉教授（大学レベルで学長の命令により授与）
• コンサルタント教授（通常は退職したがまだ現役の教授）

終身在職権:

• 教授（名誉教授）（常勤/非常勤、博士号必須）
• 准教授（教授補佐）（常勤/非常勤、ほとんどの場合博士号が必要）

非正規雇用者:

• 助教授（Profesor Asistente）（常勤/非常勤）
• 講師（常勤・非常勤）
• インターン（Adiestrado）（通常は同じ教育機関の学士号を取得した新卒者）

テニュアトラック教員職

• 教授
• 准教授
• 助教授
• 講師

非テニュアトラックポジション

• 特別教員
• 特別な科学者

エジプトの大学レベルでは、教師は主に 5 つのクラスに分類されます。教師の階級は、講師、助教、講師、助教授、教授と上がっていきます。最初のポジションである講師は、通常、クラスのトップの学生として登録されます。大学レベルの助教には修士号が必要です。博士号取得後は、研究/教育経験に応じて、講師から任命され、徐々に准教授、教授へと昇格します。これらのほか、特別教授は退職後に名誉教授の称号が与えられます。

• OSTADH MOTAFAREGH (أستاذ متفرغ)、名誉教授に相当
• OSTADH (أستاذ) (「DH」は「THE」の「TH」のように発音されます)、教授に相当します (通常、最低 5 年間 OSTATH MOSAED を務め、一定数の研究論文を発表した後)
• OSTADH (「DH」は「THE」という単語の「TH」のように発音される) MOSAED (أستاذ مساعد)、准教授に相当
• MODARRES (مدرس)、助教授に相当（博士号を取得している必要があります）
• MODARRES MOSA'ED (مدرس مساعد)、講師 (修士号を取得している必要があります)
• MOA'ED (معيد)、またはティーチングアシスタント（デモンストレーターとも呼ばれる）（学士号を取得している必要があり、通常はクラスのトップで卒業）

• 名誉教授（名誉教授）
• 教授
• 准教授
• レクター（講師）
• オペタヤ（教師）

In Finland, there is less distinction between graduates and undergraduates: university students may be employed as research assistants (tutkimusapulainen) before they graduate with a master's degree. A person pursuing a doctoral degree must already hold a Master's degree, and is typically employed by the university, or enjoys a similar grant, and will be called väitöskirjatutkija (doctoral researcher), nuorempi tutkija (early career researcher), or tohtorikoulutettava (doctoral student).^[8] Besides post-doctoral researchers (tutkijatohtori) and senior teaching assistants (yliassistentti), there are several mid-level non-professorial positions, such as teaching researcher (opettava tutkija). Senior teachers and researchers may be employed as, e.g., erikoistutkija (special researcher) or yliopistotutkija (senior research fellow). Docent (dosentti) is a non-professorial rank and title (for life) awarded to academics qualified as a principal investigator and for supervision of doctoral students; however, they do not belong to the professor corps and may be employed elsewhere. Professors (professori) are understood as research group leaders and managers, and traditionally there is no direct equivalent of an assistant/associate/full professor career path, although Aalto University is introducing these. Qualifications for a professor's position are earned as a docent or in other mid-career positions. In management, professors serve as department heads (laitosjohtaja or osastonjohtaja) and deans (head of the faculty, dekaani). The leader of a university is called a rector (rehtori), assisted by multiple vice-rectors (vararehtori). Vice-rectors may retain their professor positions or work full-time as a vice-rector. Some universities have an even more senior officer called Chancellor (kansleri), who is more concerned with outreach and public relations than daily management.

In French business schools, ranks are the same as in the United States: assistant professor, associate professor, and finally (full) professor.

A simplified overview of academic ranks in Germany:

Appointment grades

• Universitätsprofessor (Pay grade: W3 or W2)
• Professor (W3)
• Professor (W2)
• Hochschuldozent (W2, only in Baden-Württemberg) – although paid like a professor appointed at level W2, lecturers in this position do not have a professor title; the term was formerly used in all states for senior lecturer positions with research and teaching responsibilities (C2, being phased out since 2002)
• Juniorprofessor (not tenured, only rarely with tenure track) (W1)
• Juniordozent (not tenured) (W1, only in Baden-Württemberg)
• Studienrat or Akademischer Rat/Oberrat/Direktor auf Lebenszeit (A13, A14, A15)
• Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter (TVöD 13/14/15, TvL 13/14/15)
• Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter auf Zeit, Akademischer Rat auf Zeit (TVöD, TvL A13 a. Z.)
• Akademischer Mitarbeiter auf Zeit (TVöD, only in Baden-Württemberg)
• Wissenschaftliche Hilfskraft (TdL)
• Studentische Hilfskraft (TdL)

Non-appointment grades

• Privatdozent
• Außerplanmäßiger Professor – conferred, in some German states, to a Privatdozent who has been in service for several years, without formally being appointed as professor.

• Professor Emeritus [Ομότιμος Καθηγητής (male) / Ομότιμος or Ομότιμη Καθηγήτρια (female)]. An honorary title for people at the rank of Professor who have reached the legal age for retirement; If they wish, they have the right, for a limited time after retirement, to continue their research projects.
• Professor [Καθηγητής (male) / Καθηγήτρια (female)].^[9]
• Associate Professor [Αναπληρωτής Καθηγητής (male) / Αναπληρώτρια Καθηγήτρια (female)].
• Assistant Professor [Επίκουρος Καθηγητής (male) / Επίκουρος or Επίκουρη Καθηγήτρια (female)].
• Laboratory Teaching Staff member [μέλος Εργαστηριακού Διδακτικού Προσωπικού (Ε.ΔΙ.Π.)]. Holders of a doctoral degree (Ph.D). that are members of this rank can independently teach courses, same as the Teaching Research Staff [Διδακτικό Ερευνητικό Προσωπικο (Δ.Ε.Π.)] (i.e., professors, associate professors, and assistant professors) members do. All members can be instructors in laboratories.

Administrative ranks (Universities and Technical Universities)

• Rector (Πρύτανης).
• Vice-rector (Αντιπρύτανης).
• Secretary General [Γενικός Γραμματέας (male) / Γενική Γραμματέας (female)].
• Dean (Κοσμήτορας)
• Deputy Dean [Αναπληρωτής Κοσμήτορας (male) / Αναπληρώτρια Κοσμήτορας (female)].
• Chairman of the Department (Πρόεδρος Τμήματος).
• Deputy Chairman of the Department (Αντιπρόεδρος Τμήματος).
• Director of the Section [Διευθυντής Τομέα (male) / Διευθύντρια Τομέα (female)].

The holders of administrative ranks must be Professors or Associate Professors. The only exception is Secretary General, who is not a faculty member.

Administrative ranks (former Technological Educational Institutes; defunct)

The Technological Educational Institutes (TEI) (1983–2019) were reformed between 2013 and 2019 and their departments incorporated into existing universities.

• President (Πρόεδρος).
• Vice-president (Αντιπρόεδρος).
• Secretary General [Γενικός Γραμματέας (male) / Γενική Γραμματέας (female)].
• Director of the School (Διευθυντής Σχολής (male) / Διεθύντρια Σχολής (female)).
• Supervisor of the Department [Προϊστάμενος Τμήματος (male) / Προϊσταμένη Τμήματος (female)].
• Director of the Section [Διευθυντής Τομέα (male) / Διευθύντρια Τομέα (female)].

The holders of administrative ranks must be Professors or Associate Professors.

Defunct Academic Staff Ranks

• Adjunct Assistant Professor [Εντεταλμένος Επίκουρος Καθηγητής (male) / Εντεταλμένη Επίκουρος Καθηγήτρια]. A temporary employee with a short-term contract, usually for one term (semester), usually holder of a doctoral degree (Ph.D). as described in the Greek Presidential Decree 407/1980 published in the Government Gazette 112/A/9-5-1980. Adjunct Assistant Professors are sometimes called simply as "407" or "P.D. 407", after the number of the Decree.
• Lecturer (1982‒2011) [defunct; in universities and technical universities: Λέκτορας (both male and female) / in technological educational institutes: Καθηγητής Εφαρμογών (male) / Καθηγήτρια Εφαρμογών (female)] it had founded by the law 1268/1982 Government Gazette 87/A/16-7-1982 and it was abolished, defunct, by the law 4009/2011 Government Gazette 195/A/6-9-2011.^{[9][10][11][12]}
• Teaching Assistant was abolished in 1982, but people holding it remain teaching assistants until retirement.
• Adjunct Lecturer [Εντεταλμένος Λέκτορας (male) / Εντεταλμένη Λέκτορας (female)] was abolished.

• Professor Emeritus (on retirement)
• Professor
• Reader
• Senior Lecturer
• Lecturer II
• Lecturer I
• Assistant Lecturer
• Tutor
• Laboratory Demonstrator

Administrative ranks

• Chancellor
• Vice-chancellor/president
• Deputy vice-chancellor
• Registrar
• Bursar
• Deputy Registrar
• Deans of Faculties
• Heads of Departments/Schools

In the past, Hong Kong followed the British system (4 levels). In recent years it is moving towards the North American counterpart, with the titles renamed to their corresponding equivalence (professor (professor), associate professor (professor/reader), and assistant professor (senior-)lecturer)). Hong Kong's universities usually differ between professorial grades (end- or mid-career research and teaching positions) and lecturers (entry or mid-career positions - in the UK called either teaching fellows or lecturers, and "Mittelbau" in German-speaking countries).^[13] Depending on institutions, the title of "professor" is assumed by chair professors and professors, or assistant professors and above.

Academic ranks

• Chair professor
• Emeritus professor
• Professor
• Associate professor
• Assistant professor
• Senior Lecturer
• Lecturer
• Assistant Lecturer
• Research assistant professor
• Post-doctoral fellow
• Adjunct (associate/assistant) professor
• Honorary (associate/assistant) professor
• Professional consultant or teaching consultant/fellow
• Research associate
• Research assistant and teaching assistant (or tutor, instructor, demonstrator)
• Postgraduate or graduate
• Undergraduate

Administrative ranks

• Chancellor (titular, normally the Chief Executive (formerly the Governor) of Hong Kong) or president in the Hong Kong Shue Yan University
• Pro-chancellor (titular, only for the University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)
• Vice-chancellor or president (or vice president principal in the Hong Kong Shue Yan University): being the chief executive of the institution
• Deputy vice-chancellor (as the first among pro-vice-chancellors in the University of Hong Kong)
• Pro-vice-chancellors or vice-presidents or deputy presidents
• Associate pro-vice-chancellors (as in the Chinese University of Hong Kong) or Associate vice-president (as in the Hong Kong Baptist University, the Lingnan University, the Hong Kong Shue Yan University, and the Hong Kong Institute of Education)
• Registrar
• Provost (for some universities)
• Deans of faculties / schools
• Heads (or directors) of departments / schools

• Professzor/egyetemi tanár (university professor/full professor)
• főiskolai tanár (college professor)
• Docens (associate professor)
• Adjunktus (assistant professor)
• Tanársegéd (assistant lecturer)

In Icelandic universities, particularly at the University of Iceland, prófessor is the most senior ranking teaching position. Below prófessor is dósent, then lektor. This three step hierarchy is akin to the US-scale, of full-, associate- and assistant-professors. Until the early 1990s no upward mobility was available in the Icelandic system. Most university teachers were hired as "prófessor." A "dósent" or a "lektor" wishing to ascend to a higher rank had to apply for a new position when it became available. Currently (since the 1990s) much more university teachers are hired as junior rank "lektor" and are promoted to "dósent" and "prófessor" if their work proves worthy of it.

Research and teaching career pathway

• Prófessor (Professor), from Latin professor
• Dósent (Associate Professor), from Latin docens, genetive docentis (participle of doceo).
• Lektor (Assistant Professor), from Latin lēctor

Research career pathway

• Vísindamaður (Scientist)
• Fræðimaður (Scholar)
• Sérfræðingur (Specialist)

Regular Academic ranks (Hierarchy from top): Academic institutions in India have the mandate of teaching, training and research. This also includes research universities.

1. Professor
2. Associate Professor
3. Assistant Professor
4. In addition to these, there are government sponsored fellowships awarded to able candidates for a 5-year contract period during which they are hosted by an academic or research organisation. Their primary function is to carry out high quality original research. They may become a regular faculty as an assistant professor or associate professor during this period subject to their performance.
5. Assistant Professor (on contract) / Ad hoc faculty – They are primarily involved in teaching for a limited contract period typically 6 months – 1 year.

Research ranks (Hierarchy from top): Research institutions such as national labs have a different kind of hierarchy and are primarily concerned with basic and applied research. They guide Ph.D. students in their research thesis but do not grant degrees. In most cases the Ph.D. candidates are registered with another university which grants the degree. Awarding of degree is subjected to meeting the same criteria as Ph.D. guided by university professors.

1. Scientist H
2. Scientist G
3. Scientist F
4. Scientist E (in some cases EII)
5. Scientist D (in some cases EI)
6. Scientist C
7. Scientist B

Non-faculty ranks

1. Research associate (postdoctoral fellows/inspire faculty)
2. Senior research fellow (Ph.D. students after completing two years of course work and research)
3. Junior research fellow (Newly joined Ph.D. candidates)

Administrative ranks in universities

1. Chancellor
2. Vice chancellor
3. Pro vice chancellor
4. Deans / directors
5. Chairmen / HODs / wardens

Administrative ranks in research institutions

1. Director general
2. Director
3. Chairman of departments / divisions

Academic ranks

According to the Joint Regulations of the Ministry of Education And Culture And Head of National Civil Service Agency No 4/VIII/PB/2014; No 24 Year 2014 and the Regulation of Ministry of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform No. 46 Year 2013 and No. 17 Year 2013 Article 6; and the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education decree No. 164/ M/ KPT/ 2019,^[14] the academic ranks (Jabatan Fungsional) for lecturer (university-based) and researcher (non-university) are

Academic ranks for lecturers^[14]

1. Dosen (Lecturer)
2. Asisten Ahli (Assistant Professor - Lower)
3. Lektor (Assistant Professor - Upper)
4. Lektor Kepala (Associate Professor)
5. Guru Besar, Profesor (Professor)

Academic ranks for researchers

1. Peneliti Pertama (Junior Researcher)
2. Peneliti Ahli Muda (Associate Researcher)
3. Peneliti Ahli Madya (Senior Researcher)
4. Peneliti Ahli Utama (Research Professor)

Administrative ranks (university)

• Rektor (Rector)
• Wakil Rektor (Vice Rector)
• Dekan (Dean)
• Wakil Dekan (Vice Dean)
• Kepala Program Studi (Head of Department)

Holders of bachelor's degree when granted to teach in a college:

• Assistant instructor (Persian: مربی آموزشیار; transliteration: "morabbi-e āmuzešyār")

Holders of master's degrees when granted to teach in a college:

• Instructor (in Persian: مربی, transliteration: morabbi)
• Lecturer (in Persian: مدرس, transliteration: modarres)

Holders of Ph.D. degrees:

• Assistant professor (in Persian: استادیار, transliteration: ostādyār)
• Associate professor (in Persian: دانشیار, transliteration: dānešyār)
• (Full) Professor (in Persian: استادتمام ,استاد, transliteration: ostād (tamām))
• Distinguished Professor (in Persian: استادِ ممتاز, transliteration: ostād-e momtāz'')

Terms of address in general: ostād

Emeritus ranks

• Emeritus professor
• Fellow

Administrative ranks

• President
• Chancellor
• Dean
• Head of department.

Holders of master's degrees can be (in ascending order):

• Assistant lecturer (in Arabic: مدرس مساعد)
• Lecturer (مدرس)
• Assistant professor (أستاذ مساعد)
• Professor (أستاذ)

Holders of PhD degrees can be (in ascending order):

• Lecturer (مدرس)
• Assistant professor (أستاذ مساعد)
• Professor (أستاذ)
• ُExperienced professor (أستاذ متمرس)

Note: Holders of PhD degrees are automatically promoted to lecturer if they were assistant lecturers before they received their PhD.

• استاذ equivalent to professor.
• استاذ مساعد equivalent to associate professor.
• مدرس equivalent to assistant professor in American Universities (with PhD) or with researches.
• مدرس مساعد Assistant lecturer (without PhD).

Academic:

• Professor Emeritus
• Professor Min Haminyan (Full Professor)
• Professor Chaver (Associate Professor)
• Senior Lecturer
• Lecturer

Administrative Ranks:

• President
• Rector
• Dean
• Department Chairman

Tenured positions (confermato):

• Professore Ordinario, or Professore di I fascia. A tenured, full professor position.
• Professore Associato, or Professore di II fascia. A tenured, associate professor position.
• Professore Aggregato. A 'ricercatore confermato' who is in charge of teaching university classes.
• Ricercatore confermato. A tenured position as researcher or assistant professor.

Non-tenured positions (non confermato):

• Professore Straordinario, also Professore di I fascia. A three-year full professor appointment leading to tenure.
• Professore Associato non confermato, also Professore di II fascia. A three-year associate professor appointment leading to tenure at associate level.
• Ricercatore non confermato. A three-year position at assistant professor/researcher/lecturer level.
• Ricercatore a tempo determinato di tipo B. A three-year position at assistant professor/researcher/lecturer level, leading to the Professore Associato position.
• Ricercatore a tempo determinato di tipo A. A three-year position (one possible two-year renewal) at assistant professor/researcher/lecturer level.
• Assegnista di Ricerca. A research fellow with a fixed-term appointment.

Honorary titles as Professore Emerito and Professore Onorario also exist and are typically appointed to illustrious academics after retirement.

In Italian universities the role of "Professore a contratto" (literally "Contract Professor") is paid at the end of the academic year nearly €3000 for the entire academic year, without salary during the academic year.^[15] In 2020 there are 23 thousand Associate Professors and 28 thousand "Professori a contratto" in Italy.^[16] Associate Professors have a salary of around 35,000 euros per year, Full Professors have a salary of 50,000 euros per year, and Contract Professors of around 3,000 euros per year.^[17]

• Professor Emeritus
• Professor
• Senior Lecturer (Tenured)
• Lecturer (Tenured/Tenure track)
• Assistant Lecturer
• Instructor
• Tutor
• Graduate/Research Assistant

In the past few decades, Japan has taken steps to make its academic rankings similar to that of the United States. The ranking system is as follows:

• meiyo kyōju (名誉教授) - Professor emeritus
• kyōju (教授) - (Full) Professor
• junkyōju (准教授) - Associate professor
• kōshi (講師) - Lecturer / Junior associate professor / Assistant professor
• jokyō (助教) - Assistant professor

Unlike the other ranks, the kōshi title has no official criteria and thus no standardized English translation. Historically many Japanese associate professors had only master's degrees, but this is no longer the case for younger generations of academics, who in such cases are now limited to the rank of kōshi. There were previously other ranks similar to associate professor and postdoctoral researcher called jokyōju (助教授) and joshu (助手) respectively, but these positions have been eliminated.

The Japanese system includes non-tenured, term-limited positions at all ranks, including professor. These are referred to as ninki tsuki (任期付き) positions and include tokunin (特任) in the official title when contracts are awarded on a rolling, one-year basis. Limited tenure track positions have recently been introduced.^[18]

Granting of tenure and promotion to associate professor are not linked; one may be tenured yet remain an assistant professor or promoted to associate professor before being awarded tenure. Because the number of professor and associate professor position is nearly fixed, direct promotion usually requires a higher-level post to be vacated.

• Professor (أستاذ)
• Associate professor (أستاذ مشارك)
• Assistant professor (أستاذ مساعد)
• Practitioner Professor (أستاذ ممارس)
• Lecturer (مدرس)
• Assistant lecturer (مدرس مساعد )

Administrative positions:

• Rektors (male), Rektore (female) (rector)
• Dekāns (male), Dekāne (female) (dean), head of a faculty (human sciences, natural sciences etc.)
• Nodaļas vadītājs (male) Nodaļas vadītāja (female) (department manager), head of a department (computer science, mathematics etc.)

Academic positions:

• Profesors (male) Profesore (female) Professor
• Asociētais profesors (male) Asociētā profesore (female) associate professor
• Docents (male), Docente (female) (assistant professor), usually almost the same teaching/research/administration division as professor, Doctoral Degree required
• Lektors (male), Lektore (female) Lecturer. Requires MA degree
• Asistents (male), Asistente (female) research or teaching assistant

Academic positions at the Lebanese American University:

• Instructor
• Senior Instructor
• Lecturer
• Assistant Professor
• Associate Professor
• Professor
• Distinguished Professor

• Professor (أستاذ)
• Associate professor (أستاذ مشارك)
• Assistant professor (أستاذ مساعد)
• Lecturer (محاضر)
• Assistant Lecturer (محاضر مساعد)

^[19]

• Professor, Profesorius (male) / Profesorė (female)
• Associate professor, Docentas (male) / Docentė (female)
• Assistant professor, Asistentas profesorius (male) / Asistentė profesorė (female)
• Lecturer, Lektorius (male) / Lektorė (female)
• Assistant lecturer, Asistentas (male) / Asistentė (female)

At the University of Macau there are nine levels of faculty rank, namely

• Chairman professor,
• Distinguished professor,
• Professor,
• Associate professor,
• Assistant professor
• Senior lecturer
• Lecturer
• Senior instructor
• Instructor

At the Macao Polytechnic University there are four levels

• Professor (Professor coordenador)
• Associate professor (Professor adjuncto)
• Lecturer (Assistente)
• Teaching Assistant (Assistent estagiario)

In general for most public universities in Malaysia:

• Professor
• Associate Professor
• Senior Lecturer
• Lecturer

• Professor
• Associate Professor
• Senior Lecturer
• Lecturer
• Assistant Lecturer

The ranking system in most Mexican public universities is as follows

• Profesor Asociado A (early assistant professor)
• Profesor Asociado B (assistant professor)
• Profesor Asociado C (early associate professor)
• Profesor Titular A (associate professor)
• Profesor Titular B (full professor)
• Profesor Titular C (senior full professor)
• Profesor Emerito (equivalent to distinguished professor, not to be confused with emeritus professor)

Usually Mexican academics are also fellows of the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI) that has four levels (candidate, I, II and III) that more or less correlate (but are not equivalent) to the Asociado and Titular A, B, and C professorships. The rank as professor is determined by the individual's institution while the SNI level is determined by an independent committee that evaluates the researchers nationwide.

Many universities and research institutions make a distinction between "Profesores" -Professors- and "Investigadores" -Researchers- (Asociado A, B, C, Titular A, B, C), the main difference is that "Profesores" have a higher load of teaching, while "Investigadores" have a higher load of research, but normally all of them take part in both activities and are considered equivalent.

Research rankings are awarded by the Sistema Nacional de Investigadores which depends on the national research council (Conacyt):

• SNI emeritus researcher (not necessarily higher rank but lifetime, requires 15 continuous years as SNI III)
• SNI III researcher (about 7% of the researchers in SNI)
• SNI II researcher (about 16% of the researchers in SNI)
• SNI I researcher (about 59% of researchers in SNI)
• SNI candidate researcher (C) (about 18% of researchers in SNI)

All titles, both professors and researchers, can be given in a:

• Full-time, or
• Part-time basis

Administrative academic positions:

• Rector or Presidente (Chancellor, Chief Executive Officer)
• Secretario Académico (Provost, Chief Academic Officer)
• Director of Faculty or College (Dean)
• Coordinator (Chair)

Academic Positions

1. Professeur d'Enseignement Supérieur

2. Professeur Habilité à Diriger les Recherches (supervise les recherches)

3. Professeur Assistant (co-encadre les recherches)

Before Academic Position

1. Docteur

2. Doctorant

Rector

Pro-Rector I

Pro-Rector II

Pro-Rector III

Professor (Head of Department)

Professor I

Professor

Associate Professor

Lecturer

Assistant Lecturer

Tutor/ Demonstrator

Academic Positions

1. Professor Emeritus

2. Professor

3. Associate professor/Reader

4. Assistant Professor

5. Lecturer

6. Teaching Assistant

7. Instructor

8. Technical support staff

Administrative Positions

• Chancellor
• Pro-chancellor
• Vice-chancellor
• Rector
• Registrar
• Deans of School
• Heads of department
• Program Coordinator

Academic Positions

• Emeritus Professor (retired)
• Professor
• Associate Professor / Reader
• Senior Lecturer
• Lecturer I
• Lecturer II
• Assistant Lecturer
• Graduate Assistant

Administrative Positions

• Chancellor
• Pro-chancellor
• Vice-chancellor
• Deputy vice-chancellor
• Pro-vice-chancellor
• Deans of faculties (some are referred to as provost)
• Sub-deans of faculties
• Heads of departments/schools
• Department/school directors of studies

• Demonstrator, Демонстратор-(Graduate employee in a university)
• Younger assistant, Помлад Асистент-(B.Sc.)
• Assistant, Асистент-(M.Sc.)
• Docent, Доцент-(Assistant professor)
• Vonreden Professor, Вонреден Професор-(associate professor)
• Professor, Професор-(full-time professor)
• Professor emeritus, Пензиониран Професор-(retired professor)
• Academic, Академик-(academician)

Administrative positions:

• Pomlad referent, Помлад референт- (Younger Civil Servant) -High School Diploma
• Referent, Референт- (Civil Servant) -High School Diploma
• Postar Referent, Постар Референт- (Senior Civil Servant) -High School Diploma
• Pomlad Sorabotnik, Помлад Соработник- (Younger Associate) -Associate Degree
• Sorabotnik, Соработник- (Аssociate) -Associate Degree
• Postar Sorabotnik, Постар Соработник- (Senior Associate) -Associate Degree
• Rakovoditel na studentski prasanja, Раководител на студентски прашања- (Head of Students Affairs) -Bachelor's degree
• Rakovoditel na katedra/institut, Раководител на катедра/институт- (Head of Department/Institute) -Ph.D.
• Prodekan, Продекан- (Vice Dean) -Ph.D.
• Dekan, Декан- (Dean) -Ph.D.
• Prorektor, Проректор- (Vice Rector) -Ph.D.
• Rektor, Ректор- (Rector) -Ph.D.

The hiring of academic positions in public universities throughout Pakistan is managed by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan, the requirement for all positions vary with respect to the field of studies e.g. Engineering, IT, Medical, Law, and Arts and Design.

There are four faculty ranks: lecturer, assistant professor, associate professor, and professor.

In engineering public universities, a lecturer requires an M.Sc. or B.Sc. degree and high academic standing in the field (e.g. gold medalist, among top 15 students of graduating class). An assistant professor position requires a Ph.D. in relevant field with no experience. An associate professorship can be conducted in the fourth year of employment, although, it is becoming more common for promotion and tenure to be awarded in the sixth year of employment. The review requires a certain number 5/8/10 research publications (with at least 1/2/4^[jargon] publications in the last 5 years) by the calendar years 2007/2008/2012 respectively, in HEC/PEC recognized journals.

A professor requires ten years post-PhD teaching/research experience in an HEC recognized university or a post-graduate institution or professional experience in the relevant field in a national or international organization. It requires a minimum of 8/12/15 research publications (with at least 2/3/5 publications in the last 5 years) by the calendar years 2007/2008/2012 respectively, in HEC/PEC recognized journals

• Professor Emeritus
• Meritorious Professor/ Distinguished National Professor
• Professor
• Associate professor
• Assistant professor
• Lecturer
• Lab Engineer
• Research Associate

After some recent reforms in the University Law (Minedu, 2014),^[20] the Peruvian universities (publics and privates) consider these ranks:

Extraordinary Professors: Principally, this is a category of recognition for his contribution as professor or researcher when he retires or as a professional when he has built a great contribution to society throughout his career. To have 10% as maximum of these professors in any university (public or private) is mandatory.

• Emeritus professor (Profesor Emérito) - For this recognition, the candidate should be faculty member (former ordinary professor in retiring process).
• Honorary professor (Profesor Honorario) - For this recognition, the candidate is not related to a faculty member. For instance, in this category is the Doctor Honoris Causa.

Research Professors: Principally, full-time research position with few teaching responsibilities. Research professorships are almost always funded by grants or fellowships apart from the regular university budget. He is designated because of its academic excellence. He has a special bonus of fifty percent (50%) of its total payments. The competent authority of each university evaluates every two years, the production of the ordinary professors, for their permanence as a researcher.

Ordinary Professors: Often full-time (with exclusivity) professors with research competences. Principal faculty. To have 25% as minimum of these professors in any university (public or private) is mandatory.

• Full professor (Profesor Principal) - PhD and MSc required, and former Associate professor or 15 years of experience (minimum) as researcher in the field to apply.
• Associate professor (Profesor Asociado) - PhD (postgraduate level) and MSc required, and former Assistant professor or 10 years of experience (minimum) as researcher in the field to apply.
• Assistant professor (Profesor Auxiliar) - PhD (postgraduate level) and MSc required, and 5 years of experience (minimum) as researcher in the field to apply.

Lecturer (Hired Professors): Often part-time (with non-exclusivity) professors. Complementary faculty. Generally, their primary employer is not the university with which they have the status. Principally, this kind of professor come from practitioner market and not develop research activities. MSc required.

In addition, the universities developed prior ranks, as junior temporary rank, to get experience and training (with strong motivation to be ordinary professor):

• Instructor (Instructor, Jefe de Práctica) - MSc required in Postgraduate level and BSc required in Undergraduate level.
• Teaching/Research Assistant (Asistente Académico/Investigador) - MSc required in Postgraduate level and BSc required in Undergraduate level.

• Professor Emeritus
• Professor
• Associate Professor (doctorate is typically required)
• Assistant Professor (master's degree required; typically this is also the entry-level rank for PhD holders)
• Instructor (master's degree required)
• Assistant Instructor
• Lecturer (other Universities/Colleges)
• Guest Lecturer (other Universities/Colleges)

Administrative ranks (UP System;National)

• Chancellor/University President
• Vice Chancellor/Vice President for Planning and Development
• Vice Chancellor/Vice President for Research and Extension
• Vice Chancellor/Vice President for Academic Affairs
• Vice Chancellor/Vice President for Finance and Management
• University Registrar
• Dean
• Assistant Dean/Associate Dean
• Department Chairman/Program Chairman
• Faculty Members and Staff

Other professors

• Professor-researcher
• Researcher
• Professor Emeritus
• Ad honorem professor

Tenure

Due to Philippine labor laws regarding permanency, a faculty member who has not received tenure within three years of initial hire cannot continue as a full-time hire at the same university.

Research-and-teaching staff:

• (pl 'asystent') – research-and-teaching assistant / research-and-teaching fellow (hold master's degree)
• (pl 'adiunkt') – assistant professor (requires PhD)
• (pl 'docent') – senior lecturer (requires PhD or habilitation), (a new position, since 2007 optional and only in some universities, does not involve any research duties and is meant mainly for teaching). Until 1987 a position between associate professor and university professor.
• (pl 'adiunkt z habilitacją) – associate professor (requires habilitation)
• (pl 'profesor uczelni') – university professor (requires at least PhD and significant research or artistic achievements; awarded by university president)
• (pl 'profesor') – full professor (requires the professor title conferred by the President of the Republic of Poland, which is an academic title, not an academic position), sometimes called "professor ordinarius"

and also for a special purpose:

• (pl 'profesor wizytujący') – visiting professor
• (pl 'profesor emerytowany') – professor emeritus

Teaching staff:

• (pl 'instruktor') – instructor (sport)
• (pl 'lektor') – instructor, foreign language teacher
• (pl 'wykładowca') – lecturer
• (pl 'starszy wykładowca') – senior lecturer (please note the same term is used for both "docent" and "starszy wykładowca"
• (pl 'profesor uczelni') - university professor (requires at least PhD and significant teaching achievements; awarded by university president)

Elected or nominated posts

• Rector (Rektor) – the principal head of the university (one per university); usually assisted by several deputy rectors (pl prorektor)
• Dean (Dziekan); the principal head of the faculty (one per faculty), usually assisted by several deputy deans (pl prodziekan);
• Head (Kierownik) – the head of the institute/department (one per organizational unit)

• Professor Catedrático or Professor Coordenador Principal (full professor) – PhD and Agregação (habilitation) required
• Professor Associado com Agregação or Professor Coordenador com Agregação (associate professor with Agregação) – PhD and Agregação (habilitation) required
• Professor Associado or Professor Coordenador (associate professor) – PhD required
• Professor Auxiliar com Agregação (assistant professor) – PhD and Agregação (habilitation) required
• Professor Auxiliar or Professor Adjunto (assistant professor) – PhD required.

Extinct ranks:

• Assistente (teaching assistant) - without a PhD
• Assistente estagiário (junior teaching assistant) - without a PhD or a master's degree

Administrative ranks

• Rector (Rector): one per university
• Prorector (Vice-rector): one or more per university
• Decan (Dean): one per college
• Prodecan (Vice-dean): one or more per college
• Director de departament (Head of department): one per department
• Șef de disciplină (Head of a subject): one for each subject

Research-and-teaching staff (higher rank)

• Profesor universitar (Professor): holding a doctorate degree international-impact research activity
• Conferențiar universitar (Associate professor/ Senior Lecturer/ Reader): holding a doctorate degree and national-impact research activity
• Lector universitar or Șef de lucrări (Assistant Professor/ Associate Professor/ Lecturer): holding a doctorate degree and local-impact research activity
• Asistent universitar (Assistant Professor/ Assistant Lecturer): holding a doctorate degree (or in case of a limited time contract they can be in the process of getting a doctorate degree)

Special

• Profesor invitat (Visiting professor)
• Profesor emerit or Profesor consultant (Emeritus professor)

In Russia, otherwise than in the most other countries, synonimization of the terms “academic/scientific rank” and “position in academia” is not admissible, except in informal conversations. Officially, the “scientific rank” in Russia is a title which is conferred by the Higher attestation commission to the scientist after several years of a successful work in the professor (or deemed equivalent) or docent (or deemed equivalent) position. Similar traditions existed in the USSR.

Academic ranks

• Full Professor
• Associate Professor
• Senior Lecturer
• Lecturer (PhD)
• Assistant Lecturer (Msc)
• Tutorial assistant (Cum Laude undergraduate assisting in teaching and research)

• Professor أستاذ/أستاذ دكتور
• Associate Professor أستاذ مشارك
• Assistant Professor أستاذ مساعد
• Lecturer محاضر
• Demonstrator معيد

Singapore universities adopt a hybrid of US and British academic ranks. Faculty members on the tenuRE TRACK ARE appointed for sustained excellence in both teaching and research. Assistant professors are appointed on term contracts, while associate professors and professors may be appointed either with tenure or on term contract. Faculty members on the educator track engage in high-quality educational activities. They are oriented towards teaching excellence, student learning, and pedagogical research and innovation. Appointments in this track include teaching assistants, instructors, lecturers, senior lecturers and associate professors (educator track). They are on term contracts which are usually of 1–3 years in the first instance. Research track faculty members focus on conducting fundamental research of high international quality. Appointments on this track include research assistants, research fellows, senior research fellows, associate professor (research) and professor (research). They are on term contracts of 1–3 years in the first instance. Practice track faculty members are scholar-practitioners with professional skills and expertise in industry to complement the teaching and research enterprise of the university. They also contribute significantly to the outreach activities of the school. Appointments are to associate professor (practice) and professor (practice). They are on term contracts of 1–3 years in the first instance.^[21]

• Tenure track: assistant professor; associate professor; professor
• Educator track: teaching assistant; instructor; lecturer; senior lecturer; associate professor (educator track)
• Research track: research assistant; research fellow; senior research fellow; associate professor (research); professor (research)
• Practice track: associate professor (practice); professor (practice)

• Profesor (professor), both degree (written prof. before name) and position. Professors are appointed by the president after a successful accomplishment of the process of awarding a professorship. One of the requirements is an already accomplished docent degree.
• Docent (associate professor), both degree (written doc. before name) and position. The degree is awarded by the rector after a certain number of years of teaching and after a successful accomplishment of habilitácia (a process concluded by a defense of a reviewed research manuscript and a public lecture).
• Odborný asistent (lecturer / researcher), this title covers positions from lecturers to researchers. Requirements for lecturers / researchers vary, usually a Ph.D. / Th.D. is required
• Asistent (assistant lecturer), at least Master degree is required

Special

• Hosťujúci profesor (hosting professor), significant expert with whom a dean with the approval of the scientific council of a faculty concluded employment at the position of professor
• Hosťujúci docent (hosting associate professor), significant expert with whom a dean with the approval of the scientific council of a faculty concluded employment at the position of associate professor
• Mimoriadny profesor (adjunct professor; sometimes also translated as associate professor, but it is not same position as docent), associate professor temporarily appointed to the position of professor at a faculty while being an expectant to professor degree (written mimoriadny profesor after name)

Administrative

• Rektor (rector), head of the university
• Prorektor (vice-rector), typically three to five people are vice-rectors; the position is further specified by indicating domain a vice-rector is responsible for (e. g. study-related issues, research, public relationships, international relationships, development, information technology)
• Kvestor (registrar, bursar), senior professional financial administrator of the university
• Dekan (dean), head of a faculty
• Prodekan (vice-dean); the position is further specified by indicating domain a vice-den is responsible for (e. g. admissions, study-related issues, research, public relationships, international relationships, information technology)
• Riaditeľ (director), head of a sub-unit at the university or a faculty (institute, research center), e. g. Institute of Life-Long Learning of the Slovak University of Technology, Institute of Physical Education and Sport at the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University
• Vedúci katedry (departmental chairman), head of a katedra (department) – sub-unit at a faculty
• Zástupca vedúceho katedry (deputy departmental chairman), deputizes department chairman if necessary

Honorary ranks

• Emeritný profesor (professor emeritus), may be awarded by the rector on the proposal of the scientific council of the university for significant contributions in the field of science, art or education to professor older than 65 years who is no longer employment at the university, but is still active in research and teaching
• Doctor honoris causa (honorary doctor for the sake of the honor), honorary doctorate of the university or a faculty awarded for special merit (written Dr.h.c. before name)

• Asistent – assistant (Must hold at least Master (after Bologna process) or Honours degree (university diploma awarded before the Bologna process) with excellent grades, pursuing a postgraduate studies (either Doctorate / PhD studies or pre-Bologna process Magister studies). Relevant working experience or publications could be required as well)
• Asistent-raziskovalec – research assistant (Must hold at least Master (after Bologna process) or Honours degree (university diploma awarded before the Bologna process) with excellent grades, pursuing a postgraduate studies (either Doctorate / PhD studies or pre-Bologna process Magister studies). Relevant working experience or publications could be required as well)
• Lektor (usually a native speaker of a taught language)
• Docent – assistant professor (Must hold Doctorate / PhD. Relevant working experience or publications could be required as well.)
• Izredni profesor – associate professor (Must hold PhD or Doctorate and have experience of minimum of four years as a Docent)
• Redni profesor – full professor (Must hold PhD or Doctorate and have experience of minimum of four years as a docent/associate professor?)

Administrative ranks

• Rektor – rector / chancellor / head of university
• Prorektor – prorector / vice-chancellor / head of university assistant
• Dekan – dean / head of faculty, academy or school at the university
• Prodekan – vice-dean / head of faculty, academy or school at the university
• Predstojnik oddelka – head of department; several per faculty, academy or school at the university
• Predstojnik katedre – head of cathedra/chair; several per faculty or per department

Honorary ranks

• Zaslužni profesor – distinguished professor, a title bestowed to professors for their extraordinary achievements

• Full professor
• Associate professor
• Senior Lecturer
• Lecturer
• Junior Lecturer

Protected job titles (a.k.a. tenure positions):

• (Full) professor (정교수/교수)
• Associate professor (부교수)
• Assistant professor (조교수)

Other positions:

• Lecturer (강사)
• Research professor (연구 교수)
• Clinical professor (임상 교수)
• Adjunct professor (겸임 교수)
• Teaching assistant professor ( 강의전문 조교수)
• Collegiate professor
• Visiting professor (객원 교수/초빙 교수)
• Chaired professor (석좌 교수)
• Emeritus professor (명예 교수)

• Full Professor / Catedrático de Universidad
• Associate Professor / Profesor Titular
• Assistant Professor / Profesor Ayudante Doctor
• Instructor (Often Part Time) / Profesor Asociado

The appointment of professors follows the British system and is governed by the University Grants Commission regulations. A points-based system considers contributions to the research field, national development and institutional development. Several types of professorships exist:

• Professor emeritus (on retirement at the age of 65)
• Senior professor
• Professor
• Associate professor

Professor positions are clearly separated from other junior faculty positions such as, in seniority order: senior lecturer (grade I) (usually PhD and 6+ years service), senior lecturer (grade II) (usually a PhD and 2+ years service), lecturer (usually with PhD), lecturer (probationary), Temporary lecturer.

• Professor emeritus (on retirement)
• Senior professor
• Professor
• Associate professor
• Senior lecturer
• Lecturer
• Temporary lecturer
• Instructor/ demonstrator
• Student instructor (undergrad)

Administrative ranks

• Chancellor (titular)
• Vice-chancellor/president
• Registrar
• Deans of faculties
• Heads of departments/schools
• Directors of Postgraduate Institutes

• Professor أستاذ
• Associate Professor أستاذ مشارك
• Assistant Professor أستاذ مساعد
• Lecturer محاضر
• Teaching Assistant مساعد تدريس

Academic ranks

• Docent (Qualified to become an associate professor, normally unpaid title, equivalent to habilitation)
• Adjungerad professor (Visiting/adjunct professor, part-time, non-tenured)
• Adjunkt (Instructor-lecturer, without Ph.D., permanent teaching position)
• Forskarassistent (post-doctoral research assistant, non-tenured)
• Biträdande Lektor (assistant professor, tenure-track)
• Lektor (associate professor, with Ph.D, tenured)
• Professor (full professor, tenured)
• Professor Emeritus (professor emeritus)
• Director musices (Director Musices)

Administrative ranks

• President (Rektor)
• Deputy President (Prorektor)
• Dean (Dekan)
• Vice Dean (Prodekanus)
• Head of Department (Prefekt)
• Deputy Head of Department (Proprefekt)

Honorary titles

• Honorary doctor (Hedersdoktor)
• Honorary Fellow (Honorary Fellow)

German-language universities

^{[note 1]}

• Ordentlicher Professor/Ordentliche Professorin, Ordinarius/Ordinaria: full professor
• Ausserordentlicher Professor/Ausserordentliche Professorin, Extraordinarius/Extraordinaria: associate professor
• Assistenzprofessor/Assistenzprofessorin: assistant professor (requires PhD)
• Assoziierter Professor/Assoziierte Professorin: adjunct professor
• Titularprofessor/Titularprofessorin: affiliated professor
• Honorarprofessor/Honorarprofessorin: honorary professor
• Privatdozent/Privatdozentin (PD): senior lecturer (has the habilitation but not professorship)
• Gastdozent/Gastdozentin: visiting lecturer
• Lehrbeauftragter/Lehrbeauftragte: lecturer
• Oberassistent/Oberassistentin: senior researcher/lecturer (typically after 3-4 years as a postdoc)
• Postdoc: Postdoc (i.e., after PhD)
• Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter/Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin: Scientific Staff (Note: typically synonymous with "Assistent/Assistentin")
• Assistent/Assistentin: research assistant (typically a PhD student)
• Hilfassistent/Hilfassistentin: Undergraduate research assistant / Undergraduate teaching assistant

French-language universities

• Professeur ordinaire (full professor, chairman)
• Professeur extraordinaire
• Professeur invité
• Professeur associé (associate professor literally, yet functions as full professor or reader, non-chairman, tenured)
• Professeur assistant (assistant professor literally, yet functions as associate professor, tenure-track)
• Chargé de cours (senior lecturer, yet functions as associate professor, tenure-track)
• Privat docent (has the habilitation but not professorship, required for tenure-track)
• Chargé d'enseignement (lecturer, not tenure-track)
• Maître-Assistant (assistant professor or lecturer, non-tenured)
• Assistant (lecturer, usually a graduate student)
• Moniteur (undergraduate student)

The academic rankings in the Syrian Arab Republic are very similar to the Egyptian ones; see Academic ranks in Egypt for details.

• Professor emeritus (名譽教授)
• Professor (教授)
• Associate professor (副教授)
• Assistant professor (助理教授) (assistant professor and above are mainly for people who hold a PhD degree. Some are promoted to this rank by distinctive industrial performance.)
• Lecturer
• Adjunct professor
• Adjunct associate professor
• Adjunct assistant professor (According to the contract work, and less welfare. Usually 1 to 2 years.)
• Adjunct researcher

• Professor (ศาสตราจารย์)
• Associate professor (รองศาสตราจารย์)
• Assistant professor (ผู้ช่วยศาสตราจารย์)
• Lecturer (อาจารย์)

• Professor Emeritus
• Professor
• Senior Lecturer
• Lecturer
• Assistant Lecturer
• Instructor
• Graduate/Research Assistant

• Professeur ordinaire (full professor)
• Professeur extraordinaire (full professor)
• Professeur (professor)
• Chargé de cours définitif (associate professor, tenured)
• Chargé de cours temporaire (assistant professor, tenure-track)
• Chargé de cours invité (visiting assistant professor, non-tenured)
• Maître de conférences (associate professor, tenured)
• Directeur de recherche (research director, appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• Chef de travaux agrégé (senior researcher with teaching aggregation, with Ph.D.)
• Maître de Conférences (senior researcher, with Ph.D., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• Chef de travaux (senior researcher, with Ph.D.)
• Chercheur qualifié (senior researcher., appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• Premier assistant (senior research assistant, with Ph.D.)
• Chargé de recherche (researcher, appointed by federal research council FNRS)
• Assistant de recherche (research assistant)

Administrative ranks

• Recteur (president of university)
• Vice-Recteur
• Doyen (dean, i.e. head of a faculty, elected)
• Président d'institut (director of research institute, elected)
• Vice-Doyen (vice-dean, i.e. head of studies in a faculty)
• Président de département (department head, elected)

Academic ranks

• Emeritus Profesör, (Honorary Retired professor)
• Ordinaryus Profesör, (At least 5 years professor with a chair, representing a given area. Since 1960, this title is not given.)
• Profesör, (Full professor)
• Doçent, (Associate professor)
• Yardımcı Doçent, (Assistant professor. This title was not given since 2018 and replaced with Doktor Öğretim Üyesi title )
• Doktor Öğretim Üyesi, (Assistant Professor Literally: Doctor Teaching Member)
• Öğretim Görevlisi Doktor, (Lecturer with doctorate, Literally: Teaching Officer, Doctor introduced after 2018)
• Öğretim Görevlisi, (Lecturer, Literally: Teaching Officer )
• Okutman, (Instructor, This title not given since 2018 and replaced with Öğretim Görevlisi title)
• Doktor Araştırma Görevlisi, (Doctor Research/Teaching Assistant with doctorate, Literally: Doctor Research Officer introduced after 2018)
• Araştırma Görevlisi, (Research/Teaching Assistant Literally: Research Officer)
• Başasistan Hekim (Head of Assistant Medical Doctors)
• Asistan Hekim (Assistant Medical Doctor replaced with Doktor Araştırma Görevlisi after 2018)

Administrative ranks

• Rektör, rector or president (professors)
• Rektör Yardımcısı, vice-rector or vice-president (doctorate or above, generally associate professors or professors)
• Fakülte Dekanı, dean of the faculty (professors)
• Enstitü müdürü, Director of the institute (doctorate or above for research institutes, professors for graduate education institutes)
• Dekan Yardımcısı, vice-dean or associate dean (doctorate or above, generally associate professors or professors)
• Enstitü müdürü, Director of the institute (doctorate or abovr, generally associate professor or above)
• Enstitü müdür yardımcısı, Deputy director of the institute (doctorate or above)
• Bölüm Başkanı, head of department (doctorate or above, generally associate professors or professors with highest experience)
• Yüksekokul Müdürü, head of school (doctorate or above)
• Ana Bilim/Sanat Dalı Başkanı, head of chair/ chairman of academic programs (doctorate or above, generally associate professors or professors with highest experience in the area)

Academic ranks

• Profesor / Професор (Full professor)
• Dotsent / Доцент (Associate professor)
• Starshyj doslidnyk (starshyj naukovyj spivrobitnyk) / Старший дослідник (старший науковий співробітник) (Senior researcher, Senior research fellow)
• Starshyj vykladach / Старший викладач (Senior lecturer)
• Vykladach / Викладач (Lecturer)
• Asystent / Асистент (Assistant professor)

Administrative ranks

• Rektor / Ректор, rector or president (professors)
• Prorektor / Проректор, vice-rector or vice-president (professors)
• Dyrektor instytutu / centru / Директор інституту / центру, Director of the institute / centre (assistant professor or above)
• Dekan Fakultetu / Декан факультету, dean of the faculty (associate professor or above)
• Zastupnyk dekana/dyrektora / Заступник декана/директора, vice-dean or associate dean (associate professor or above) / deputy director of the institute (assistant professor or above)
• Zaviduvach kafedry / Завідувач кафедри, head of department (assistant professor or above)
• Zaviduvach laboratoriji / Завідувач лабораторії, head of laboratory (assistant professor or above)
• Zaviduvach sekciji kafedry / Завідувач секції кафедри, chairman of academic programs (assistant professor or above)

Research and teaching career pathway

• Professor/Chair
• Reader (or Principal Lecturer in some post-1992 institutions)
• Senior lecturer
• Lecturer, clinical lecturer
• Assistant lecturer, demonstrator, seminar leader, associate lecturer, graduate teaching assistant, departmental lecturer

Research career pathway

• Professor/professorial research fellow/research professor/director of research
• Reader
• Senior research fellow/Senior researcher
• Research fellow, Research associate
• Research assistant

Teaching career pathway

• Professorial teaching fellow
• Principal teaching fellow
• Senior teaching fellow
• Teaching fellow
• Teaching associate
• Graduate teaching assistant

Technical career pathway

• Principal technologist, Departmental manager/coordinator
• Senior chief technologist, Lab manager/coordinator
• Chief technician
• Senior technician
• Advanced technician
• Technician
• Junior technician, apprentice technician
• Trainee technician

At the University level, Services/Chairs follow the following structure:

• Ayudante de Cátedra (Grado 1)
• Asistente de Cátedra (Grado 2) – PhD required from here on
• Profesor Adjunto (Grado 3)
• Profesor Agregado (Grado 4)
• Professor Titular (Grado 5)

• Profesor Titular (Full Professor)
• Profesor Asociado (Associate Professor)
• Profesor Agregado ("Aggregated" Professor or "Early Associate" Professor - between assistant and associate professor)
• Profesor Asistente (Assistant Professor)
• Instructor (Lecturer, Instructor, Teaching Professor)

• Board Of Trustees
• President
• Vice President, Student and Community Services
• Vice President, Instruction
• Vice President, Strategy, Relations and Communications
• Dean, Student and Community Services
• Dean, Instruction
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