The sample pad acts as a sponge and holds an excess of sample fluid. Once soaked, the fluid flows to the second conjugate pad in which the manufacturer has stored freeze dried bio-active particles called conjugates (see below) in a salt–sugar matrix. The conjugate pad contains all the reagents required for an optimized chemical reaction between the target molecule (e.g., an antigen) and its chemical partner (e.g., antibody) that has been immobilized on the particle's surface. This marks target particles as they pass through the pad and continue across to the test and control lines. The test line shows a signal, often a color as in pregnancy tests. The control line contains affinity ligands which show whether the sample has flowed through and the bio-molecules in the conjugate pad are active. After passing these reaction zones, the fluid enters the final porous material, the wick, that simply acts as a waste container.
LFTs derive from paper chromatography, which was developed in 1943 by Martin and Synge,[10] and elaborated in 1944 by Consden, Gordon and Martin.[11][12] There was an explosion of activity in this field after 1945.[10] The ELISA technology was developed in 1971.[13] A set of LFT patents, including the litigated US6,485,982 described below, were filed by Armkel LLC starting in 1988.[14]
The first commercially available lateral flow device was Unipath's Clearblue One Step in 1988. This product combined Paired Monoclonal Antibody technology (patented in 1980 by Unipath's Prof. Philip Porter and colleagues including Paul Davis and Keith May) and the original Clearblue product launched in June 1985.[15]
↑ Guo, Weijin; Hansson, Jonas; Van Der Wijngaart, Wouter (2016). "液体サンプルの粘度に依存しない毛細管ポンプ" . Langmuir . 32 (48): 12650– 12655. doi : 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03488 . PMID 27798835 . S2CID 24662688 .
↑ Guo, Weijin; Hansson, Jonas; Van Der Wijngaart, Wouter (2017). "液体サンプルの粘度と表面エネルギーに依存しない一定流量での毛細管ポンプ". 2017 IEEE 30th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) . pp. 339–341 . doi : 10.1109/MEMSYS.2017.7863410 . ISBN978-1-5090-5078-9. S2CID 13219735 .
↑ Kessler, Debra A. (2013). "ヒト免疫不全ウイルススクリーニング". Transfusion Medicine and Hemostasis . pp. 79–84 . doi : 10.1016/B978-0-12-397164-7.00012-4 . ISBN978-0-12-397164-7。
↑ Guiraud, V; Ben Attia, S; Hamm, N; Piccin, L; Ling Leng, A; Gautheret-Dejean, A (2026年2月) 「第4世代HIV迅速診断検査:HIV一次感染状況における十分な感度か?」 Journal of Clinical Virology . 182 105903. doi : 10.1016/j.jcv.2025.105903 . PMID 41343898 .
↑"Guidance: First wave of non-machine based lateral flow technology (LFT) assessment". GOV.UK. 11 January 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
↑"Oxford University and PHE confirm high-sensitivity of lateral flow tests". GOV.UK. 11 November 2020.
12"FALCON — CONDOR Platform". www.condor-platform.org. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
12Peto T (June 2021). "COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: A national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing". eClinicalMedicine. 36 100924. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100924. PMC8164528. PMID34101770. S2CID231609922.
↑Wolf A, Hulmes J, Hopkins H (10 March 2021). "Lateral flow device specificity in phase 4 (post marketing) surveillance"(PDF). gov.uk. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2022-08-14.
↑"Coronavirus (COVID-19) asymptomatic testing in schools and colleges". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
↑"Twice weekly rapid testing to be available to everyone in England". GOV.UK. 2021-04-05. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
↑"Slovakia carries out Covid mass testing of two-thirds of population". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 2 November 2020. ISSN0261-3077.
↑Peter Littlejohns (6 November 2020). "The UK is trialling lateral flow testing for Covid-19 – how does it work?". NS Medical Devices.
↑"Merthyr Tydfil County Borough to be first whole area testing pilot in Wales". GOV.WALES. 18 November 2020.
↑"Population-wide testing of SARS-CoV-2: country experiences and potential approaches in the EU/EEA and the United Kingdom". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 19 August 2020.
↑Burke M (18 November 2020). "Scientists urge caution on use of lateral flow tests to screen for Covid-19". Chemistry World.複数の専門家による、新型コロナウイルス検査におけるLFD(低頻度薬物使用)に対する批判と、詳細な数値的考察。
↑ Deeks J、Raffle A、Gill M (2021年1月12日) 「Covid-19:政府はラテラルフロー検査の展開を緊急に再考する必要がある」 BMJ Opinion。