Integrin αvβ6 is found exclusively on epithelial cells.[25] In most resting normal cells, little ITGB6 is produced, however the highest levels are found in the stomach, gall bladder and lung. ITGB6 levels increase in cells remodelling tissues so αvβ6 expression is increased in development,[25] wound healing,[26][27] but also in fibrosis[19] and cancer.[28]
The principal function of αvβ6 is the activation of cytokine transforming growth factor-b1 (TGF-β1).[19][29] Latent-TGF-β1 is bound to the extracellular matrix, covered by its pro-peptide latency associated peptide (LAP).[29] αvβ6 binds LAP, and through cytoskeletal force releases TGF-β1.[30] TGF-β1 regulates multiple processes including cell proliferation,[31][32] differentiation,[32] angiogenesis,[33] epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT)[34] and immune suppression.[35] These processes combine to heal wounds but when uncontrolled can promote tissue pathologies.
Clinical significance
While αvβ6 promotes normal functions such as wound repair, excess αvβ6 production promotes diseases such fibrosis and cancer. High αvβ6 expression in fibrosis and cancer is usually associated with a poorer prognosis.
Fibrosis
Fibrosis occurs in response to chronic tissue insult and results in the deposit of excess collagen by activated fibroblasts in the matrix resulting in hardening of tissue. Fibroblasts are mesenchymal cells in all tissues that maintain the normal tissue matrix. When they become activated, as occurs in wound healing, they secrete extra matrix proteins and cytokines to promote wound repair.[36] Chronic activation of fibroblasts can result in diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis,[37] where the hardening and thickening of the lung tissue makes it difficult for patients to breathe.
A major driver of fibroblast activation is TGF-β[38] and as αvβ6 expression is increased in response to tissue damage,[26] and is a principal activator of TGF-β, it is therefore a potential drug target in treating fibrosis. αvβ6 can promote fibrosis in kidney, lung and skin, despite αvβ6 being almost absent in their healthy equivalents.
Cancer
Increased αvβ6 expression occurs in up to one third of solid tumours including breast cancer, lung cancer and pancreatic cancer. Because it is not found on most normal cells, it is a potential therapeutic and imaging target in cancer research. When αvβ6 is over-expressed in cancers it often correlates with poorer overall survival.
Integrin αvβ6 promotes tumour progression in multiple ways. Through its cytoplasmic tail it promotes cancer cell migration,[39] increased secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that can degrade the ECM,[40] leading to increased invasion. Intracellular signals generated by αvβ6 increase pErk and pAkt that increase cell proliferation and survival, respectively.[41] Through its extracellular domain it activates TGF-β1 which increases processes that aid cancer progression including angiogenesis,[33] activation of fibroblasts (now called Cancer Associated Fibroblasts),[42] immune suppression.[35] and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)[34] EMT is the process by which epithelial cells adopt a mesenchymal phenotype, breaking away from neighbouring epithelial cells and becoming more migratory, a crucial stage in the development of cancer.[43] In cancer, this promotes invasion of the local healthy tissue and ultimately spread to other parts of the body. αvβ6 can be found in cells which are undergoing EMT.[44][45]
ITGB6 deficiency
Recorded cases of people who are ITGB6 deficient are rare. The first reported case was in 2013 following whole genome sequencing of a 7-year-old girl with amelogenesis imperfecta,[46] a disease affecting the development of teeth. While multiple patients with amelogenesis imperfecta have since been found to have ITGB6 mutations,[47][48] there were no other clinical symptoms reported in the majority of these cases.
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↑Weinacker A, Chen A, Agrez M, Cone RI, Nishimura S, Wayner E, etal. (March 1994). "Role of the integrin alpha v beta 6 in cell attachment to fibronectin. Heterologous expression of intact and secreted forms of the receptor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (9): 6940–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37465-3. PMID8120056.
↑ Xu M, Yin L, Cai Y, Hu Q, Huang J, Ji Q, et al. (2018 年 5 月). "ヒト口腔扁平上皮癌細胞における TGF-β1 誘導インテグリン β6 転写のエピジェネティック制御". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry . 119 (5): 4193– 4204. doi : 10.1002/jcb.26642 . PMID 29274289 . S2CID 4330899 .
↑Graff JR, Zimmer SG (2003). "Translational control and metastatic progression: enhanced activity of the mRNA cap-binding protein eIF-4E selectively enhances translation of metastasis-related mRNAs". Clinical & Experimental Metastasis. 20 (3): 265–73. doi:10.1023/A:1022943419011. PMID12741684. S2CID21561578.
↑Enyu L, Zhengchuan N, Jiayong W, Benjia L, Qi S, Ruixi Q, etal. (August 2015). "Integrin β6 can be translationally regulated by eukaryotic initiation factor 4E: Contributing to colonic tumor malignancy". Tumour Biology. 36 (8): 6541–50. doi:10.1007/s13277-015-3348-8. PMID25982998. S2CID2656185.
↑Huang XZ, Wu JF, Cass D, Erle DJ, Corry D, Young SG, etal. (May 1996). "Inactivation of the integrin beta 6 subunit gene reveals a role of epithelial integrins in regulating inflammation in the lung and skin". The Journal of Cell Biology. 133 (4): 921–8. doi:10.1083/jcb.133.4.921. PMC2120829. PMID8666675.
123Munger JS, Huang X, Kawakatsu H, Griffiths MJ, Dalton SL, Wu J, etal. (February 1999). "The integrin alpha v beta 6 binds and activates latent TGF beta 1: a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis". Cell. 96 (3): 319–28. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80545-0. PMID10025398.
↑Ludlow A, Yee KO, Lipman R, Bronson R, Weinreb P, Huang X, etal. (April 2005). "Characterization of integrin beta6 and thrombospondin-1 double-null mice". Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 9 (2): 421–37. doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2005.tb00367.x. PMC6740207. PMID15963261.
↑ Quigley NG 、 Czech N、Sendt W、Notni J (2021年6月)。「癌インテグリンαvβ6を標的とした膵癌のPET/CTイメージング」。European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging。48 ( 12 ) : 4107–4108。doi : 10.1007 / s00259-021-05443-8。PMC 8484182。PMID 34109438。
↑Rehm J, Winzer R, Notni J, Hempel S, Distler M, Folprecht G, etal. (September 2024). "Concomitant metastatic head-and-neck cancer and pancreatic cancer assessed by αvβ6-integrin PET/CT using 68Ga-Trivehexin: incidental detection of a brain metastasis". European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 51 (11): 3469–3471. doi:10.1007/s00259-024-06750-6. PMC11368998. PMID38771514.
↑Wu H, Li L, Xiao Z, Li C, He Y (November 2024). "αvβ6-integrin targeted [68Ga]Ga-Trivehexin PET/CT imaging of a rare bronchial mucoepidermoid carcinoma". European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 52 (4): 1291–1292. doi:10.1007/s00259-024-06974-6. PMID39500808.
↑Kuyumcu S, Denizmen D, Has-Simsek D, Poyanli A, Uzum AK, Buyukkaya F, etal. (July 2024). "68Ga-Trivehexin PET/CT: a promising novel tracer for primary hyperparathyroidism". European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 51 (13): 3912–3923. doi:10.1007/s00259-024-06846-z. PMC11527967. PMID39028425.
↑Singhal T, Agrawal K, Mandal S, Parida GK (November 2024). "Cancer-Specific Integrin Imaging With 68Ga-Trivehexin: A Potential Imaging for Accurate Staging of Thyroid Malignancy". Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 50 (3): e168–e170. doi:10.1097/RLU.0000000000005557. PMID39499025.
↑Wixler V, Geerts D, Laplantine E, Westhoff D, Smyth N, Aumailley M, etal. (October 2000). "The LIM-only protein DRAL/FHL2 binds to the cytoplasmic domain of several alpha and beta integrin chains and is recruited to adhesion complexes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (43): 33669–78. doi:10.1074/jbc.M002519200. PMID10906324.