In 1738, James Jurin made the first known reference to a "trembling of the eye" that was presumably caused by fixational eye movements.[4]Robert Darwin noted in 1786 that the jiggling of color after-effects was presumably the consequence of small eye movements. Eye tracking with sufficient resolution to record fixational eye movements was developed in the 1950s. Retinal stabilization, the ability to project stabilized images on the retina, showed that retinal motion was necessary for visual perception, also in the 1950s. The field remained quiet until the 2000s, when key neurological properties of fixational eye movement were discovered and a new wave of research began.[5][6]
Microsaccades
The lines on this image display the saccadic and microsaccadic movements of a person's eye while they looked at this face. The involuntary, micro-saccadic movement is not steady when the person's eyes are concentrated at the eyes of the woman, while the voluntary, saccadic movement goes around the periphery of the face once at any give point.
A microsaccade, also known as a "flick", is a type of saccade. Microsaccades are the largest and fastest of the fixational eye movements. Like saccades in general, microsaccades are usually binocular, and conjugate movements with comparable amplitudes and directions in both eyes. However, the definition of microsaccade varies from study to study and no common definition has emerged.[7]
In the 1960s, scientists suggested the maximum amplitude for microsaccades should be 12 arcminutes to distinguish microsaccades and saccades.[8] However, further studies have shown that microsaccades can certainly exceed this value.[9] Newer studies have used a threshold of up to 2° to categorize microsaccades, expanding the definition by an order of magnitude. The distribution of saccade amplitudes is unimodal, giving no empirical threshold to distinguish microsaccades and saccades. Poletti et al. propose using a threshold based on the amplitude of sustained fixations and give a cutoff of 30 arcminutes or 0.5 degrees.[7]
↑ Pritchard RM; Heron W.; Hebb DO (1960). "Visual Perception Approached by the Method of Stabilized Images". Canadian Journal of Psychology . 14 (2): 67–77 . doi : 10.1037/h0083168 . PMID 14434966 .
↑ Coppola, D; Purves, D (1996). "The Extraordinarily Rapid Disappearance of Entoptic Images" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA . 93 (15): 8001– 8004. Bibcode : 1996PNAS...93.8001C . doi : 10.1073/ pnas.93.15.8001 . PMC 38864. PMID 8755592 .
1 2 Alexander, RG; Martinez-Conde, S. (2019). "Fixational Eye Movements". Eye Movement Research . Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics. pp. 73–115 . doi : 10.1007/978-3-030-20085-5_3 . ISBN978-3-030-20083-1。
↑ Rucci M., Poletti M. (2015). "Control and function of fixational eye movements" . Annual Review of Vision Science . 1 : 499–518 . doi : 10.1146/annurev-vision-082114-035742 . PMC 5082990. PMID 27795997.これらの動きが様々な皮質領域の神経応答を調節することが現在では知られている。
1 2 Rucci, Michele ; McGraw, Paul V.; Krauzlis, Richard J. (2016-01-01). "Fixational eye movements and perception" . Vision Research . 118 : 1– 4. doi : 10.1016/j.visres.2015.12.001 . ISSN 1878-5646 . PMC 11298813 . PMID 26686666 . S2CID 5510697 .前世紀末の静穏期を経て、現在では視覚科学者の間で固定眼球運動の研究が広く普及している。
1 2 Poletti M., Rucci M. (2016). "マイクロサッケードの研究のためのコンパクトなフィールドガイド:課題と機能" . Vision Research . 118 : 83– 97. doi : 10.1016/j.visres.2015.01.018 . PMC 4537412 . PMID 25689315 .
↑ Poletti M., Rucci M. (2016). " A compact field guide to the study of microsaccades: Challenges and functions" . Vision Research . 118 : 83–97 . doi : 10.1016/j.visres.2015.01.018 . PMC 4537412. PMID 25689315. [...] この定義には暗黙のうちに欠点があります。被験者の意図に依存しているため(「不随意」、「自発的に」、「意図的」という用語に注意)、客観性に欠け、さまざまな解釈が生じやすいのです。
↑ Panagiotidi, M; Overton, P; Stafford, T (2017). "ADHD特性を持つ個人の微小サッケード率の増加" . Journal of Eye Movement Research . 10 (1): 1– 9. doi : 10.16910/10.1.6 . PMC 7141051 . PMID 33828642 .