It has been described as "deeply rooted in Egyptian society... [and] in the history of the country" and has had an influence from the late 18th century to modern times.[4][5]
It has been criticized for "monopolizing" several parliamentary districts since the 19th century "reign of Muhammad Ali".[15][11]
The clan has sometimes been referred to as "the family of the pashas" for having produced Egypt's largest number of nobles.[16][17]
They are thought to number in the thousands, with sources varying in their estimates.[18][19] However, these numbers are thought to be highly unreliable as no local censuses of Circassian communities exist due to a general "lack of demographic data on minorities in Egypt".[20]
Overview, origin, and name
Sources indicate that the Abaza family was well established in the Nile Delta by the late 18th century, especially in their stronghold, Sharqia.[3]
Historian al-Sayyid-Marsot states that the Abaza family was named after "a beloved grandmother ... or her place of birth". This maternal ancestor married the head of the powerful al-Ayed family (Arabic: العائد; Egyptian Arabic: العايدي, romanized:al-Ayedi) before the reign of Muhammad Ali of Egypt.[3] The marriage took place during the reign of the Mamluks[21] and "under Ottoman rule".[22][note 1]
David E. Millis suggests that the Abaza family's marriage with the al-Ayed clan reflects a history in Egypt that may span around 1400 years .[23][note 2] He proposes that the al-Ayed possibly trace their origins back to the Yemenese contingents of the early Islamic conquerors of Egypt (639–642 AD) and perhaps to the ancient tribal confederation of Judham.[24] According to Ibn Khaldun, Banu Judham are thought to originate from Kahlan,[25] and historian Al-Maqrizi appears to support the idea that al-Ayed descend from Banu Judham.[26] However, this is based on historical interpretation and genealogical tradition, and definitive evidence is limited.[note 3]
The non-Abaza patriarch who married the Abazin matriarch was Sheikh Muhammed al-Ayedi (Egyptian Arabic: الشيخ محمد العايدي).[1]
Al-Sayyid-Marsot reports that the Abaza family had "long-established economic and political clout in Egypt".[24][21]
Under Ottoman rule Mamluks continued to act as governors of the country until Muhammad Ali's rise to power, meaning that the marriage could have taken place both under Ottoman rule and Mamluk governance.
The 1400-year span pertains to the al-Ayed line. The Abaza matriarch seems to have been present in Egypt more recently at approximately 300 years ago.
These scholarly views pertain to al-Ayed and not to the Abazin line.
References
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External links
Abaza Family Facebook Page
Books of Tharwat Abaza
Aziz Pasha Abaza archive at Bibliotheca Alexandrina
Archive Egypt:Egypt's Four Largest Parliamentary Dynasties
Families That Form Egyptian Political Life
Bibliography
Springborg, R. (2016).Family, Power, and Politics in Egypt: Sayed Bey Marei—His Clan, Clients, and Cohorts. London: Routledge. pp.45–47, 102–106.
Abaza, M. (2013).The Cotton Plantation Remembered: An Egyptian Family Story. Cairo: AUC Press. Preface, pp.7–9; Chapters 1 & 3 (pp.21–38, 85–97).
Wissa, K. (1989).Freemasonry in Egypt 1798–1921: A Study in Cultural and Political Encounters.British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 16(1), 43–57.p.52.
Whidden, J. (2013).Monarchy and Modernity in Egypt. Florence: Leo S. Olschki. pp.189–192.
Hartnett, A.S., & Saleh, M. (2021).Intra-Elite Conflict and the Demand for Power-Sharing: Evidence from Khedival Egypt. AALIMS Working Paper.pp.14–17.
Kazziha, W. (1970).The Evolution of the Egyptian Political Elite, 1907–1921: A Case Study of the Role of the Large Landowners in Politics. PhD Dissertation, SOAS. pp.133–135.
Mansour, N. (2025).A New Ruling Class and Its Empires: The Case of Nineteenth-Century Egypt. PhD Dissertation, Columbia University. pp.201–204.
Wynn, L.L. (2003).From the Pyramids to Pyramids Road: An Ethnography of the Idea of Egypt. PhD Dissertation, ProQuest. p.27.
Jacob, W.C. (2005).Working Out Egypt: Masculinity and Subject Formation between Colonial Modernity and Nationalism, 1870–1940. PhD Dissertation, ProQuest. pp.77–78.
Reid, D.M. (1983).Turn-of-the-Century Egyptian School Days.Comparative Education Review, 27(2), 233–247.p.239.
Further reading
Kilani, Nashwa Abd Alqader (2016). عائلة أباظة فى مصر " الدور الأقتصادى – الاجتماعى – السياسى 1952-1891 – دراسة في دور العائلات المصرية فى المجتمع المصرى " [The Abaza Family In Egypt 'The Economic - Social - Political Role (1891–1952) - A Study Of The Role Of Egyptian Families In Egyptian Society' (in Arabic). مركز المحروسة للنشر والخدمات الصحفية والمعلومات. ISBN978-977-313-601-7
Springborg, Robert (11 November 2016). Family, Power, and Politics in Egypt: Sayed Bey Mare--His Clan, Clients, and Cohorts. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN978-1-5128-0754-7.
Goldschmidt, Arthur (2000). Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN978-1-55587-229-8.
Aharoni, Reuven (12 March 2007). The Pasha's Bedouin: Tribes and State in the Egypt of Mehemet Ali, 1805-1848. Routledge. ISBN978-1-134-26821-4
Hunter, F. Robert (1999). Egypt Under the Khedives, 1805-1879: From Household Government to Modern Bureaucracy. American Univ in Cairo Press. ISBN978-977-424-544-2
Abaza, Mona (2013). The Cotton Plantation Remembered: An Egyptian Family Story. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-977-416-571-9
Egyptian Royalty: Abaza Family, Fekry Abaza. General Books. ISBN978-1-157-82380-3
Blattner, Elwyn James; Blattner, James Elwyn (1959). Who's who in Egypt and the Middle East. Paul Barbey Press.
Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi (12 January 1984). Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali. Cambridge University Press. p.123. ISBN978-0-521-28968-9. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
أباظة, عفاف عزيز (24 May 2021). زوجي ثروت أباظة (in Arabic). Hindawi Foundation. ISBN978-1-5273-1839-7.
Imām, ʻAbd Allāh (1995). وجيه أباظة: صفحات من النضال الوطني (in Arabic). د.ن.،.
ʻAṭṭār, Salwá (1989). التغييرات الاجتماعية فى عهد محمد على (in Arabic). دار النهضة العربية. ISBN978-977-04-0454-6.
اباظة, عفاف عزيز (1974). ابى عزيز اباظة (in Arabic). Kotobarabia.com.