IPOPT (C++ implementation, with numerous interfaces including C, Fortran, Java, AMPL, R, Python, etc.) is an interior point method solver (zero-order, and optionally first order and second order derivatives).
Proprietary solvers include SNOPT (written in Fortran, with interfaces to C, C++, Python and MATLAB).
Numerical Examples
2-dimensional example
The blue region is the feasible region. The tangency of the line with the feasible region represents the solution. The line is the best achievable contour line (locus with a given value of the objective function).
A simple problem (shown in the diagram) can be defined by the constraints with an objective function to be maximized where x = (x1, x2).
3-dimensional example
The tangency of the top surface with the constrained space in the center represents the solution.
Another simple problem (see diagram) can be defined by the constraints with an objective function to be maximized where x = (x1, x2, x3).
Werner Fenchel, who created the foundation for nonlinear programming
References
↑Richard W. Cottle, Mukund N. Thapa. Linear and Nonlinear Optimization. Springer New York,2017. https://www.springerprofessional.de/linear-and-nonlinear-optimization/12354648
Bazaraa, Mokhtar S. and Shetty, C. M. (1979). Nonlinear programming. Theory and algorithms. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN0-471-78610-1.
Bonnans, J. Frédéric; Gilbert, J. Charles; Lemaréchal, Claude ; Sagastizábal, Claudia A. (2006). Numerical optimization: Theoretical and practical aspects . Universitext (1997年フランス語版の翻訳版、第2版改訂版). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. xiv+490. doi : 10.1007/978-3-540-35447-5 . ISBN3-540-35445-XMR 2265882 .
Luenberger, David G. ; Ye, Yinyu (2008).線形計画法と非線形計画法. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science. Vol. 116 (Third ed.). New York: Springer. pp. xiv+546. ISBN978-0-387-74502-2. MR 2423726 .
ノセダル、ホルヘ、ライト、スティーブン J. (1999).数値最適化.スプリンガー. ISBN0-387-98793-2。