Irrelevant conclusion

An irrelevant conclusion,^[1] also known as ignoratio elenchi (Latin for 'ignoring refutation') and under other names, is the informal fallacy of presenting an argument whose conclusion fails to address the issue in question. It falls into the broad class of relevance fallacies.^[2]

The irrelevant conclusion should not be confused with formal fallacy, an argument whose conclusion does not follow from its premises; instead, it is that despite its formal consistency it is not relevant to the subject being talked about.

Overview

Ignoratio elenchi is one of the fallacies identified by Aristotle in his Organon. In a broader sense he asserted that all fallacies are a form of ignoratio elenchi.^[3]^[4]

Ignoratio Elenchi, according to Aristotle, is a fallacy that arises from "ignorance of the nature of refutation". To refute an assertion, Aristotle says we must prove its contradictory; the proof, consequently, of a proposition which stood in any other relation than that to the original, would be an ignoratio elenchi. Since Aristotle, the scope of the fallacy has been extended to include all cases of proving the wrong point ... "I am required to prove a certain conclusion; I prove, not that, but one which is likely to be mistaken for it; in that lies the fallacy ... For instance, instead of proving that 'this person has committed an atrocious fraud', you prove that 'this fraud he is accused of is atrocious'"; ... The nature of the fallacy, then, consists in substituting for a certain issue another which is more or less closely related to it and arguing the substituted issue. The fallacy does not take into account whether the arguments do or do not really support the substituted issue, it only calls attention to the fact that they do not constitute proof of the original one… It is a particularly prevalent and subtle fallacy and it assumes a great variety of forms. But whenever it occurs and whatever form it takes, it is brought about by an assumption that leads the person guilty of it to substitute for a definite subject of inquiry another which is in close relation with it.^[5]

—Arthur Ernest Davies, "Fallacies" in A Text-Book of Logic

Samuel Johnson's unique "refutation" of Bishop Berkeley's immaterialism, his claim that matter did not actually exist but only seemed to exist,^[6] has been described as ignoratio elenchi:^[7] during a conversation with Boswell, Johnson powerfully kicked a nearby stone and proclaimed of Berkeley's theory, "I refute it thus!"^[8] (See also argumentum ad lapidem.)

A related concept is that of the red herring, which is a deliberate attempt to divert a process of enquiry by changing the subject.^[2]Ignoratio elenchi is sometimes confused with straw man argument.^[2]

Etymology

The phrase ignoratio elenchi is fromLatin 'an ignoring of a refutation'. Here elenchi is the genitive singular of the Latin noun elenchus, which is fromAncient Greekἔλεγχος (elenchos) 'an argument of disproof or refutation'.^[9] The translation in English of the Latin expression has varied somewhat. Hamblin proposed "misconception of refutation" or "ignorance of refutation" as a literal translation;^[10] John Arthur Oesterle preferred "ignoring the issue",^[10] while Irving Copi, Christopher Tindale and others used "irrelevant conclusion".^[10]^[11]

References

↑Bishop Whately, cited by John Stuart Mill: A System of Logic. London Colchester 1959 (first: 1843), pp. 542.
1 2 3Patrick J. Hurley (2011). A Concise Introduction to Logic. Cengage Learning. pp. 131–133. ISBN 978-0-8400-3417-5.
↑Aristotle (1878). The Organon, or Logical treatises, of Aristotle(PDF). Vol. 2. Translated by Octavius Freire Owen. Covent Garden: George Bell and Sons. pp. 548–553. Archived from the original(PDF) on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
↑"Ignoratio Elenchi". Introduction to Logic. 24 September 2009.
↑Davies, Arthur Ernest (1915). A Text-Book of Logic. R. G. Adams and company. pp. 569–576. LCCN 15027713.
↑Bate 1977, p. 316
↑Bagnall, Nicholas. Books: Paperbacks, The Sunday Telegraph 3 March 1996
↑Boswell 1986, p. 122
↑Liddell–Scott–Jones. A Greek-English Lexicon.
1 2 3Charles Leonard Hamblin (1970). Fallacies. Methuen & Co. Ltd. p. 31.
↑Christopher W. Tindale (2007). Fallacies and Argument Appraisal. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-521-84208-2.

Works cited

Bate, Walter Jackson (1977). Samuel Johnson. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0-15-179260-3.
Boswell, James (1986). Hibbert, Christopher (ed.). The Life of Samuel Johnson. New York: Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-043116-2.

External links

Appeal to Authority Breakdown, Examples, Definitions, & More
Nizkor Project: Red Herring
Fallacy Files: Red Herring
The Phrase Finder: Red Herring
The Art of Controversy: Diversion (bilingual with the original German) by Arthur Schopenhauer
Red herring in political speech

[1] Bishop Whately, cited by John Stuart Mill: A System of Logic. London Colchester 1959 (first: 1843), pp. 542.

[Hurley2011-2] 1 2 3Patrick J. Hurley (2011). A Concise Introduction to Logic. Cengage Learning. pp. 131–133. ISBN 978-0-8400-3417-5.

[Owen_1878-3] Aristotle (1878). The Organon, or Logical treatises, of Aristotle(PDF). Vol. 2. Translated by Octavius Freire Owen. Covent Garden: George Bell and Sons. pp. 548–553. Archived from the original(PDF) on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2020.

[4] "Ignoratio Elenchi". Introduction to Logic. 24 September 2009.

[Davies1915-5] Davies, Arthur Ernest (1915). A Text-Book of Logic. R. G. Adams and company. pp. 569–576. LCCN 15027713.

[6] Bate 1977, p. 316

[7] Bagnall, Nicholas. Books: Paperbacks, The Sunday Telegraph 3 March 1996

[Boswell_p._122-8] Boswell 1986, p. 122

[9] Liddell–Scott–Jones. A Greek-English Lexicon.

[Fallacies-10] 1 2 3Charles Leonard Hamblin (1970). Fallacies. Methuen & Co. Ltd. p. 31.

[Tindale2007-11] Christopher W. Tindale (2007). Fallacies and Argument Appraisal. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-521-84208-2.

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Overview

Etymology

See also

References

Works cited

External links

関連するトピック

Latin

informal fallacy

argument

relevance