The unusual phonological development of Proto-Iranian *ćw to Khotanese śś sets the latter apart from most other Iranian languages (which usually have sp or a product thereof). Similarities with Sogdian exist but could be due to parallel developments or areal features.[17]
History
The two known dialects of Saka are associated with a movement of the Scythians. No invasion of the region is recorded in Chinese records and one theory is that two tribes of the Saka, speaking the two dialects, settled in the region in about 200 BC before the Chinese accounts commence.[18]
Michaël Peyrot (2018) rejects a connection with the Sai (塞) of the Chinese Hanshu, who are recorded as having migrated in the 2nd century BC to areas further west in Xinjiang and notes it is questionable that Indo-Saka evidence shares any features unique to Khotanese. Instead, Peyrot connects Khotanese and Tumshuqese to the long-established Aketala culture which developed since c. 1000 BC in the region, related to the Chust culture of the Ferghana Valley.[19]
The Khotanese dialect is attested in texts between the 7th and 10th centuries, though some fragments are dated to the 5th and 6th centuries. The far more limited material in the Tumshuqese dialect cannot be dated with precision, but most of it is thought to date to the late 7th or the 8th century.[20][21] According to Rong Xinjiang, the Tumshuqese called their own polity Gyāźdi (Jushide 據史德 in Chinese records).[3]
In the 11th century, it was remarked by Mahmud al-Kashgari that the people of Khotan still had their own language and script and did not know Turkic well.[22][23] According to Kashgari some non-Turkic languages like the Kanchaki and Sogdian were still used in some areas.[24] It is believed that the Saka language group was what Kanchaki belonged to.[25] It is believed that the Tarim Basin became linguistically Turkified by the end of the 11th century.[26]
Old Khotanese phonology
Consonants
母音
Sound changes
Khotanese was characterized by pervasive lenition, developments of retroflexes and voiceless aspirated consonants.[31]
Changes shared in common Sakan
*ć, *j́ → s, ys, but *ćw, *j́w → śś, ś
*ft, *xt → *βd, *ɣd
Lenition of *b, *d, and *g → *β, ð, ɣ when initially or after vowels or *r
Lengthening of stressed vowels before clusters *rC and *ST (sibilants + dentals) (*sarta → *sārta → sāḍa "cold", *astaka → āstaa "bone" but not *aštā́ → haṣṭā "eight").
Compensatory lengthening of vowels, before clusters containing non-sibilant fricatives and *r (*puhri → pūrä "son", darɣa → dārä "long"), however, -ir- and -ur- from earlier *ər were unaffected (*mərɣa- → mura- "fowl").
Reduction of internal unstressed short and long vowels (*hámānaka → *hamanaka → hamaṅgä)
*uw → u
*β, ð, ʝ, ɣ > b, d, ɟ, g initially
*f, *θ, *x → ph, th, kh (remaining instances)
*rth → ṭh; *rt, *rd → ḍ
Lenition of b, d, g (from earlier voiceless consonants) → β (→ w), ð, ɣ after vowels or *r
ḍ also phonetically became ḷ or ṛ in this position.
↑ Diringer, David (1953) [1948]. The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind (Second and revised ed.). London: Hutchinson's Scientific and Technical Publications. p. 350.
↑ミカエル・ペイロ (2018)「トカラ語のベツウェ『ラバ』と東イラン語」。ファルナ。『サーシャ・ルボツキーを記念するインド・イラン語およびインド・ヨーロッパ語族研究』。ニューヨーク州アナーバー:ビーチ・ステーブ・プレス。 2024年11月14日取得。要するに、北インドのサカ語がホータン語またはその初期形態であるという証拠は弱い。多くの特徴は他の言語にも見られ、ホータン語以外のイラン人が北インドにたどり着いたことは他の資料から知られている。いずれにせよ、コータン語にインド語の要素が多数含まれていることは、「daß das 'Nordarisch' sprechende Volk längere Zeit auf indischem Boden saß」(Lüders 1913)という証拠にはならない。なぜなら、代わりに中部インディアンの話者がタリム盆地に移住したという十分な証拠があるからである。
↑ Bailey, HW (1982). The culture of the Sakas in ancient Iranian Khotan . Caravan Books. pp. 7–10 .ワハンのワヒ語は、イラン方言の中でホータン・サカ語に最も近い特徴、音韻、語彙を持っていることは注目に値する。
↑ Carpelan, C.; Parpola, A.; Koskikallio, P. (2001). "ウラル語族とインド・ヨーロッパ語族の初期の接触:言語学的および考古学的考察:1999年1月8日~10日にヘルシンキ大学トゥヴァルミンネ研究ステーションで開催された国際シンポジウムで発表された論文" Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura . 242 : 136. ...これらの言語の子孫は現在、コーカサスのオセチア語とパミール高原のワヒ語にのみ残っており、後者はかつてホータンで話されていたサカ語に関連している。
↑ 「Encolypedia Iranica、アフガニスタン vi. パスト語」。しかし、パスト語の起源はバダフシャーン地方、ムンジとサングルとシュグの間のどこかにあり、ホータン語に似たサカ語の方言と接触があった可能性がある。