The scandal eventually resulted in Christopher Wylie and Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg testifying in front of the United States Congress, the liquidation of Cambridge Analytica, and a $5 billion fine for Facebook.[80][81][82] It also provoked a wider global debate about the ethics surrounding data harvesting and privacy, especially in political contexts.[83][84] In April 2018, Facebook announced new data privacy policy, with greater emphasis on user consent and preventing data misuse.[85]
Investigation into Russian interference in the election
Throughout the 2016 election, the Internet Research Agency (IRA), a Russian online propaganda company with links to Vladimir Putin, attempted to influence the electoral outcome in favor of Donald Trump by creating large numbers of social media accounts to like, share and repost positive information on Trump and negative information on Clinton.[86] Efforts were particularly directed at influencing black voters, in attempt to incite racial division and sow conflict.[87] Social media propaganda was one of multiple methods employed by the IRA to influence the election.[88]
In May 2017, a Special Counsel investigation was conducted by Robert Mueller, which ultimately concluded in its final report that the Russian government's activities on social media "violat[ed] U.S. criminal laws in order to interfere with U.S. elections and political processes."[89]
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↑"How the Presidential Candidates Use the Web and Social Media". Pew Research Center. August 15, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2025.
↑Pilkington, Ed (March 20, 2013). "Obama's 2012 digital strategy left us in the dust, Republicans admit". The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved February 16, 2025.
↑Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban (September 18, 2019). "The rise of social media". Our World in Data.
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↑Andrews, Natalie (August 5, 2015). "Candidates Poised to Spread Their Message Through Social Media Ads". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN0099-9660. Retrieved February 17, 2025.
↑Lang, Marissa (April 5, 2016). "2016 Presidential Election Circus: Is Social Media the Cause?". The Hill. Archived from the original on May 10, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
↑Quealy, Kevin; Lee, Jasmine C. (February 5, 2016). "The Week in Donald Trump's Twitter Insults". The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
↑"Full text: Donald Trump's 2016 Republican National Convention Speech". ABC News. July 22, 2016. Archived from the original on December 12, 2016. Retrieved December 6, 2016.
↑Quealy, Kevin; Lee, Jasmine C. (February 5, 2016). "The Week in Donald Trump's Twitter Insults". The New York Times. ISSN0362-4331. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
↑Gass, Nick (February 3, 2016). "Trump accuses Cruz of 'fraud,' calls for new Iowa election". Politico. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
↑Fehrnstrom, Eric (February 10, 2016). "A punch-drunk Jeb Bush carries on". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
↑Richardson, Bradford (August 31, 2015). "Trump rips Bush over 'act of love' remarks on illegal immigration". The Hill. Archived from the original on February 20, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
↑Warren, Michael (August 31, 2015). "Trump Hits Jeb on 'Act of Love'". The Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
123Ohlheiser, Abby (June 17, 2016). "Trump's meme brigade took over Reddit. Now Reddit is trying to stop them". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
↑""Daddy, what did you do in 'The Great Meme War'?" Dank memes become part of history". The Daily Pakistan. November 12, 2016. Archived from the original on November 21, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
↑"Pizzagate: How a 4Chan conspiracy went mainstream". The New Statesman. December 8, 2016. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
↑ Romm, Tony; Timberg, Craig. "FTC、ケンブリッジ・アナリティカが数百万人のユーザーの個人情報をスクレイピングしたことを受け、Facebookに対する調査を開始" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . 2021年2月11日取得.
ハリ・クンズルは、 2020年3月26日発行の『ニューヨーク・レビュー・オブ・ブックス』誌に掲載された、デール・ベラン著『It Came from Something Awful: How a Toxic Troll Army Accidentally Memed Donald Trump Into Office』の書評の中で、次のように述べている。