完新世における絶滅のタイムライン

この記事は、現在の地質時代である完新世に絶滅したことが知られている生物種、亜種、および進化的に重要な単位を、既知のまたはおおよその絶滅時期の古い順から新しい順に並べたリストです。

完新世は、約11650年前（紀元前9700年頃）の完新世氷河の後退とともに始まったと考えられています。完新世の特徴は、地球温暖化の一般的な傾向、解剖学的現代人（ホモ・サピエンス）がすべての陸地に拡大したこと、農業と畜産業の出現、そして地球規模の生物多様性の減少です。後者は、地球史上6番目の大量絶滅と呼ばれ、主に人間の人口と活動の増加に起因すると考えられており、更新世の大型動物の絶滅とともに、すでにその前の更新世に始まっていた可能性があります。

以下のリストは、絶滅の大部分が記録されていないと考えられていること、またその他多くの種については決定的な、広く受け入れられている最後の、あるいは最新の記録がないため、必然的に不完全です。種面積理論によれば、現在の絶滅率は年間最大14万種に達する可能性があります。^{[ 1 ]}

紀元前1万年

紀元前9千年紀

紀元前8千年紀

紀元前7千年紀

紀元前6千年紀

紀元前5千年紀

紀元前4千年紀

紀元前3千年紀

紀元前2千年紀

紀元前1千年紀

紀元前10世紀～6世紀

紀元前5世紀～1世紀

西暦1千年紀

1世紀～5世紀

6世紀～10世紀

西暦2千年紀

11世紀～12世紀

13世紀～14世紀

15世紀～16世紀

17世紀

18世紀

19th century

20th century

3rd millennium CE

21st century

Notes

↑Remains and historical references to an unidentified squirrel in Ukraine may extend survival up to the 20th century.^[20]
↑Ancient DNA studies indicate that the giant Cape zebra is not a separate species, but a distinct lineage of the plains zebra (E. quagga).^[24]
↑Attributed to Struthio asiaticus in this source, but this name should be limited to remains from Pleistocene India.^[30]
↑Date obtained from carbonaceous clay near Palaeoloxodon remains rather than bone.^[35]
↑A datation to 4170–4050 BC is uncalibrated and the remains could be older.^[42]
↑A datation to 3023–2809 BCE is considered dubious.^[58]
↑Possible synonym of Equus africanus atlanticus.^[61]
↑In Yukon.^[63] Remains of either B. priscus or B. bonasus were dated in the Angara River basin to 2550–2440 BC,^[64] and a small bison persisted in the Baikal region until the 7th to 10th century AD (considered B. priscus by Boeskorov^[65] and B. bonasus by Sipko^[66]). A date of 1130–1060 BC near the Oyat river is not calibrated and the remains could be older.^[67]
↑This dating is regarded as "tentative". Claims of even later survival to 1470–1445 BCE are based on interpretations of a painting from the Egyptian Tomb of Rekhmire apparently depicting an adult dwarf elephant.^[76]
↑Domestic descendants survive in captivity and as feral populations.^[81]
↑Survival to 1350 CE reported by Turvey is not confirmed.
↑Traditionally considered the same as B. p. primigenius on morphological grounds, but revealed to be genetically distinct. Domestic hybrid descendants survive in China, particularly in Tibet, Chamdo, and Yushu.^[90] It is likely that many remains from northern China that have been identified as bison^[91] or domestic cattle actually belong to aurochs and that it survived for longer than assumed. The anonymous author of the Classic of Poetry (11th–7th century BCE) seems aware of the aurochs's existence.^[92]
↑It was suggested that the Syrian elephant was introduced by humans in Mesopotamia, which would not make it a valid subspecies.^[108]
↑Survival to c. 1350 CE mentioned by Turvey not confirmed.
↑A. corsicanus was originally applied to remains from Corsica and A. similis to Sardinia. It was later recognized that A. corsicanus existed in the early Pleistocene of both islands, and A. similis in the late Pleistocene-Holocene, as seen in Moncunill-Sole et al. (2016).
↑Claimed survival until 1774 CE in Tavolara Island is based on the mention of 'giant burrow-making rats' by Francesco Cetti.
↑It is unconfirmed if remains of Equus sp. found in Bolshoy Baranov Cape and dated to 701–900 CE belong to this taxon (Boeskorov, 2006).
↑Historical records mention gibbons being caught near Chang'an until the 10th century, and living in Shaanxi province until the 18th century.^[122]
↑Indirectly dated (Mead et al., 2002).
↑Some experts don't recognize the existence of separate subspecies in Loxodonta africana.^[145]
↑Survival until Polynesian arrival c. 1350 not confirmed (Turvey, 2009).
↑A commonly cited 1658 account by Étienne de Flacourt could as well be of Mullerornis, or based on second-hand reports of fossil eggs.^[159]
↑Distinct lineage once found all over the North and South Islands, as evidenced by ancient DNA studies on subfossil remains.^[173] The subantarctic lineage of the New Zealand sea lion later colonised Stewart Island and the southeastern coast of the South Island from the Auckland and Campbell Islands.^[172]
↑"307±85 yr BP (95.4% AD 1451–1952)" (Rawlence & Cooper, 2013)
↑In Tierra del Fuego. Last dated in the continent in 1232–1397 (Prevosti et al., 2015).
↑"370±38yr BP (95.4% AD 1464–1637)" (Rawlence & Cooper, 2013)
↑In Poland. Unconfirmed remains and sightings might extend survival in Bulgaria and Russia until the 18th century.^[203]^[204]
↑A 1976 sighting is unconfirmed (Burney et al., 2004).
↑In Réunion. Last recorded on Mauritius in 1700.^[176]
↑Extinct in the main island by 1735, but living tortoises of unknown species were found in Île Ronde, Mauritius in 1844 (Cheke & Hume, 2009).
↑A 1779 painting by Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton could depict this species in captivity (Hume, 2017).
↑Dubious subspecies, based on a single neurocranium that was destroyed in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.^[243]
↑Unconfirmed reports in 1816 (IUCN).
↑A clone of the last individual was successfully produced in 2003, but died several minutes after birth due to a lung defect.^[259]
↑Unconfirmed sighting in 2005 (Hume).
↑In captivity. Unconfirmed wild sighting in 2018. https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2019/02/the-search-for-the-river-goddess/
↑In captivity. Last wild individual died in 1994 (IUCN).
↑An unconfirmed sighting and recorded call took place in 2021.^[284]
↑Possible sightings. Otherwise known from subfossil remains (IUCN).
↑In captivity. Last individual captured from the wild in 1972 (IUCN).
↑In captivity. Last seen in the wild in 2010 (IUCN).
↑In captivity. Last recorded in the wild before 1994 (González et al.).
↑In captivity.^[305] Call last heard in the wild in 2008 (IUCN).
↑In captivity. Last captured in the wild in 1997 (Bowler, 2019).

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↑Sometimes reported to have survived until Polynesian arrival c. 1280, though there is no direct dating to confirm this (Turvey, 2009); or the 1870s, following dubious reports of observations by Europeans (Hume, 2017).
↑Unconfirmed record from 1875.
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↑Unconfirmed live observation in 1860 (Turvey, 2009).
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↑A 1872 report of a pet penguin in the Chathams has been sometimes interpreted as a member of this species, but this is not confirmed (Hume, 2017).
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↑A dubious observation of giant eagles in the 1870s has been claimed sometimes to be either this, or Eyles's harrier (Hume, 2017).
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1 2Turvey, S.T.; Helgen, K. (2018). "Plagiodontia ipnaeum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T17462A22187847. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T17462A22187847.en.
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1 2 3Lewis, C. A. (2008). The Late Glacial and Holocene avifauna of the island of St Helena, South Atlantic Ocean. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 63(2), 128–144.
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↑Valdes Gonzales, A. (2019). "Cyprinodon latifasciatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T6155A3105057. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T6155A3105057.en.
↑Cogger, H; Woinarski, J (2017). "Emoia nativitatis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T178595A101749951.en.
↑González, A.V.; L.M. Estévez; Ma.E.A. Villeda; G. Ceballos (2018). "The extinction of the Catarina pupfish Megupsilon aporus and the implications for the conservation of freshwater fish in Mexico". Oryx. 54 (2): 1–7. doi:10.1017/S003060531800056X.
↑Fowler, K. (2024). "Mollinedia myriantha". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T232868252A232868301. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T232868252A232868301.en.
↑"Captain Cook's bean snail Partula faba".
↑Coote, T. (2009). "Partula faba". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009 e.T16288A5597344. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T16288A5597344.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
↑https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/rabbs-tree-frog-extinct/
↑IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2019). "Ecnomiohyla rabborum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019 e.T85341796A54357363. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T85341796A54357363.en.
↑ 「ハワイの樹上性カタツムリ、ロンリー・ジョージが死に、その種も共に滅びた」 2019年1月9日。

[21] Remains and historical references to an unidentified squirrel in Ukraine may extend survival up to the 20th century.^[20]

[26] Ancient DNA studies indicate that the giant Cape zebra is not a separate species, but a distinct lineage of the plains zebra (E. quagga).^[24]

[33] Attributed to Struthio asiaticus in this source, but this name should be limited to remains from Pleistocene India.^[30]

[39] Date obtained from carbonaceous clay near Palaeoloxodon remains rather than bone.^[35]

[47] A datation to 4170–4050 BC is uncalibrated and the remains could be older.^[42]

[64] A datation to 3023–2809 BCE is considered dubious.^[58]

[68] Possible synonym of Equus africanus atlanticus.^[61]

[75] In Yukon.^[63] Remains of either B. priscus or B. bonasus were dated in the Angara River basin to 2550–2440 BC,^[64] and a small bison persisted in the Baikal region until the 7th to 10th century AD (considered B. priscus by Boeskorov^[65] and B. bonasus by Sipko^[66]). A date of 1130–1060 BC near the Oyat river is not calibrated and the remains could be older.^[67]

[85] This dating is regarded as "tentative". Claims of even later survival to 1470–1445 BCE are based on interpretations of a painting from the Egyptian Tomb of Rekhmire apparently depicting an adult dwarf elephant.^[76]

[91] Domestic descendants survive in captivity and as feral populations.^[81]

[92] Survival to 1350 CE reported by Turvey is not confirmed.

[104] Traditionally considered the same as B. p. primigenius on morphological grounds, but revealed to be genetically distinct. Domestic hybrid descendants survive in China, particularly in Tibet, Chamdo, and Yushu.^[90] It is likely that many remains from northern China that have been identified as bison^[91] or domestic cattle actually belong to aurochs and that it survived for longer than assumed. The anonymous author of the Classic of Poetry (11th–7th century BCE) seems aware of the aurochs's existence.^[92]

[121] It was suggested that the Syrian elephant was introduced by humans in Mesopotamia, which would not make it a valid subspecies.^[108]

[126] Survival to c. 1350 CE mentioned by Turvey not confirmed.

[133] A. corsicanus was originally applied to remains from Corsica and A. similis to Sardinia. It was later recognized that A. corsicanus existed in the early Pleistocene of both islands, and A. similis in the late Pleistocene-Holocene, as seen in Moncunill-Sole et al. (2016).

[136] Claimed survival until 1774 CE in Tavolara Island is based on the mention of 'giant burrow-making rats' by Francesco Cetti.

[137] It is unconfirmed if remains of Equus sp. found in Bolshoy Baranov Cape and dated to 701–900 CE belong to this taxon (Boeskorov, 2006).

[140] Historical records mention gibbons being caught near Chang'an until the 10th century, and living in Shaanxi province until the 18th century.^[122]

[156] Indirectly dated (Mead et al., 2002).

[165] Some experts don't recognize the existence of separate subspecies in Loxodonta africana.^[145]

[167] Survival until Polynesian arrival c. 1350 not confirmed (Turvey, 2009).

[181] A commonly cited 1658 account by Étienne de Flacourt could as well be of Mullerornis, or based on second-hand reports of fossil eggs.^[159]

[196] Distinct lineage once found all over the North and South Islands, as evidenced by ancient DNA studies on subfossil remains.^[173] The subantarctic lineage of the New Zealand sea lion later colonised Stewart Island and the southeastern coast of the South Island from the Auckland and Campbell Islands.^[172]

[211] "307±85 yr BP (95.4% AD 1451–1952)" (Rawlence & Cooper, 2013)

[212] In Tierra del Fuego. Last dated in the continent in 1232–1397 (Prevosti et al., 2015).

[215] "370±38yr BP (95.4% AD 1464–1637)" (Rawlence & Cooper, 2013)

[231] In Poland. Unconfirmed remains and sightings might extend survival in Bulgaria and Russia until the 18th century.^[203]^[204]

[240] A 1976 sighting is unconfirmed (Burney et al., 2004).

[255] In Réunion. Last recorded on Mauritius in 1700.^[176]

[264] Extinct in the main island by 1735, but living tortoises of unknown species were found in Île Ronde, Mauritius in 1844 (Cheke & Hume, 2009).

[269] A 1779 painting by Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton could depict this species in captivity (Hume, 2017).

[275] Dubious subspecies, based on a single neurocranium that was destroyed in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.^[243]

[278] Unconfirmed reports in 1816 (IUCN).

[293] A clone of the last individual was successfully produced in 2003, but died several minutes after birth due to a lung defect.^[259]

[300] Unconfirmed sighting in 2005 (Hume).

[305] In captivity. Unconfirmed wild sighting in 2018. https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2019/02/the-search-for-the-river-goddess/

[310] In captivity. Last wild individual died in 1994 (IUCN).

[322] An unconfirmed sighting and recorded call took place in 2021.^[284]

[325] Possible sightings. Otherwise known from subfossil remains (IUCN).

[336] In captivity. Last individual captured from the wild in 1972 (IUCN).

[340] In captivity. Last seen in the wild in 2010 (IUCN).

[342] In captivity. Last recorded in the wild before 1994 (González et al.).

[348] In captivity.^[305] Call last heard in the wild in 2008 (IUCN).

[350] In captivity. Last captured in the wild in 1997 (Bowler, 2019).

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