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A census-designated place (CDP)[1][2][3] is a concentration of population defined by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes only. The U.S. Census Bureau defines a CDP as a "statistical geography representing closely settled, unincorporated communities that are locally recognized and identified by name."[4]
CDPs have been used in each decennial census since 1980 as the counterparts of incorporated places,[5] such as self-governing cities, towns, and villages, for the purposes of gathering and correlating statistical data. CDPs are populated areas that generally include one officially designated but currently unincorporated community, for which the CDP is named, and may include surrounding inhabited countryside of varying dimensions and, occasionally, other, smaller unincorporated communities. CDPs include small rural communities, edge cities, colonias located along the Mexico–United States border, and unincorporated resorts and retirement communities and their environs. The boundaries of any CDP may change from decade to decade, and the Census Bureau may de-establish a CDP after a period of study, then re-establish it some decades later. Most unincorporated areas within the United States are not and have not been included in any CDP.[6]
The boundaries of a CDP have no legal status[1] and may not always correspond with the local understanding of the area or community with the same name. However, criteria established for the 2010 census require that a CDP name "be one that is recognized and used in daily communication by the residents of the community" (not "a name developed solely for planning or other purposes") and recommend that a CDP's boundaries be mapped based on the geographic extent associated with inhabitants' regular use of the named place. There is no provision, however, that this name recognition be unanimous for all residents, or that all residents use the community for which the CDP is named for services provided therein. There is no mandatory correlation between CDP names or boundaries and those established for other human purposes, such as post office names or zones, political precincts, or school districts.[6]
Although census-designated places are not considered incorporated places, the Census Bureau includes CDPs in its city population list for Hawaii because that state has no incorporated cities.[7] In addition, census city lists from 2007 included Arlington County, Virginia's CDP in the list with the incorporated places,[8] but since 2010, only the Urban Honolulu CDP, Hawaii, representing the historic core of Honolulu, Hawaii, is shown in the city and town estimates.
The Census Bureau reported data for some unincorporated places as early as the first census in 1790 (for example, Louisville, Kentucky, which was not legally incorporated in Kentucky until 1828), though usage continued to develop through the 1890 census, in which the census mixed unincorporated places with incorporated places in its products with "town" or "village" as its label.[2] This made it confusing to determine which of the "towns" were or were not incorporated.[2]
The 1900 through 1930 censuses did not report data for unincorporated places.[2]
For the 1940 census, the Census Bureau compiled a separate report of unofficial, unincorporated communities of 500 or more people.[2] The Census Bureau officially defined this category as "unincorporated places" in the 1950 census and used that term through the 1970 census.[2] For the 1950 census, these types of places were identified only outside "urbanized areas".[2] In 1960, the Census Bureau also identified unincorporated places inside urbanized areas (except in New England, whose political geography is based on the New England town, and is distinctly different from other areas of the U.S.), but with a population of at least 10,000.[2] For the 1970 census, the population threshold for "unincorporated places" in urbanized areas was reduced to 5,000.[2]
1980年の国勢調査では、その指定は「国勢調査指定地域」に変更され[ 2 ]、ニューイングランドの都市化地域内の地域にもその指定が適用されるようになった。[ 2 ] 1990年の国勢調査では、都市化地域のCDPの人口基準が2,500人に引き下げられた。[ 2 ] 1950年から1990年まで、国勢調査局は、アラスカ、プエルトリコ、島嶼地域、ネイティブアメリカン居留地の非法人地域またはCDPに対して、他の人口要件を規定していた。CDPの最低人口基準は、2000年の国勢調査で廃止された。[ 3 ] [ 6 ]
国勢調査局の参加統計地域プログラム（PSAP）では、指定された参加者が新しい CDP を提案したり、既存の CDP の境界を見直して変更を提案したりすることができます。[ 9 ] PSAP は 2008 年に郡および市町村の計画機関に提供される予定でした。
このような場所の境界は通常、地元の郡や部族の役人と協力して定義されますが、固定されておらず、地方自治体や法人化の地位には影響しません。このように定義された領域は厳密には統計上の実体です。 CDP の境界は、居住パターンの変化を反映するために、国勢調査ごとに変更される場合があります。[ 1 ] [ 2 ]さらに、統計上の実体であるため、CDP の境界は、同じ名前の地域の地元の認識と一致しない場合があります。認識されているコミュニティは 2 つ以上の CDP に分割される場合もあれば、2 つ以上のコミュニティが 1 つの CDP に統合される場合もあります。CDP は、名前の付いたコミュニティの非法人化部分をカバーし、残りの部分は法人化された場所に含まれる場合もあります。
CDPは法人化された団体と同様に扱われ、法人化された場所と同じ国勢調査データのカテゴリに表示されます。これにより、CDPは、別のカテゴリに分類される小行政区（MCD）などの他の国勢調査分類と区別されます。[ 2 ]
CDPの人口と人口統計は、CDPを含む郡の細区分のデータに含まれています。一般的に、CDPは国勢調査局が法人化された市、村、または区とみなす境界内に定義されるべきではありません。[ 2 ]ただし、国勢調査局は、ニューイングランド諸州、ニュージャージー州、ニューヨーク州の一部の町、およびその他の州の一部の郡区を、それらの州で法人化された自治体であっても、MCDとみなしています。そのような州では、CDPはそのような町内または複数の町の境界にまたがって定義される場合があります。[ 2 ]
CDP指定にはいくつかの理由があります。
国勢調査局の基準とガイドラインでは、CDP は次のように規定されています。[ 4 ]