ゼネラルモーターズのフロントホイールドライブXプラットフォームは、1980年から1985年モデルの同社のコンパクトカーに使用され、それ以前の同様の名称の後輪駆動プラットフォームに取って代わった。
北米市場では、まず外国からの輸入車、そしてアメリカブランドながら開発の全部または一部が外国で生産された車(例えばフォード・フィエスタやダッジ・オムニ)によって、前輪駆動車がある程度普及した後、GMのXボディは、大量生産の主流市場向けに導入された最初のアメリカ開発の前輪駆動車となった。GMはその後、主力プラットフォームのほとんどを前輪駆動に移行させた。
それまでの多くのアメリカ製前輪駆動車は高級市場をターゲットにしており、比較的少数の台数で生産されていたのに対し、GMのXボディは大量生産の輸入前輪駆動コンパクトカーの代替として登場し、当初はかなりの販売成功を収めた。GMのXボディモデル、すなわち1980~1985年のシボレー・シテーション、1980~1984年のオールズモビル・オメガ、1980~1984年のポンティアック・フェニックス、そして1980~1985年のビュイック・スカイラークは、その設計上の欠陥とGMの対応のまずさで知られるようになった。[ 1 ]
その後、Xプラットフォームは改良され、成功を収めた中間型FF駆動のGM Aボディとなった。Xプラットフォームは、Jボディプラットフォームから派生したLボディおよびNボディプラットフォームに取って代わられた。
ゼネラルモーターズにとって、横置き前輪駆動構成は、同社が組織再編を開始し、統合された全体ではなく各部門が設計の単一の側面を担当する新しいエンジニアリングアプローチを採用し始めた時期であったため、未知のエンジニアリング領域を意味していた。[ 2 ]大幅に短縮された設計開発の後、Xボディは生産および販売に入ったが、その設計の最も顕著なエンジニアリング上の欠陥である後輪ブレーキが明らかになった。[ 3 ]
In 1979, during even the first months of manufacture, GM made a number of revisions to the car's braking system. Automotive journalists and reviewers noted in the autumn of 1979 rear wheels' tendency to lock upon heavy braking, including in emergency situations, a potentially dangerous behavior compromising vehicle control. In the first year of manufacture, hundreds of complaints noted rear brake locking, with dozens of related accidents and injuries including one death—the latter triggering a lawsuit. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) pressured General Motors for remedial action.
GM issued a voluntary, though unpublicized, recall to modify the brake proportioning valve of only the earliest manual transmission models: less than 50,000 of the already more than one million X cars on the road. While remaining publicly silent on the safety implications of the brake design, leaked internal documents demonstrated that GM's engineering staff were dubious that the valve modification would suffice, even for the cars subject to the recall, recommending further changes to the brake linings and brake drums that could raise the cost per vehicle by $70–150, while applying to a far greater number of vehicles.[4][5][6]
More complaints, accidents, injuries, and lawsuits ensued, including cars which had earlier been recalled and modified, as well as cars from the 1981 model year. This caused the NHTSA to pressure GM for further action, preferably a recall of all 1.1 million vehicles in the 1980 model year for replacement of the brake proportioning valves, brake linings and drums.
GM responded in 1983 with a voluntary recall of only all manual transmission vehicles of that year and the very earliest automatic transmission cars, a total of fewer than 250,000 vehicles, including those addressed in the first recall. NHTSA sued GM, demanding a recall of the entire 1980 model year, claiming the company had known as far back as 1978 of the cars' tendency to lock rear brakes, and had provided misleading and incomplete answers to NHTSA's investigation.
Though the NHTSA had logged 4,282 complaints, including 1,417 accidents, 427 injuries and 18 fatalities,[4][5][6] the presiding judge dismissed the suit in 1987, ruling that NHTSA had filed the suit prematurely, and had relied mainly on anecdotal evidence, without properly developing conclusive evidence or holding investigative hearings.
The openly contentious back and forth not only damaged the reputation of the X cars, but the reputation of General Motors itself—with one report noting that the X-car was "one of the malaziest cars" of the Malaise era, doing enormous damage to GM's reputation[7] and playing a role in "the sharpest decrease in American market share" General Motors would experience in the 1980s.[2][8]
The intermediate FWD GM A-body, heavily derived from the X platform, did not suffer the same reputation, and GM would significantly delay the introduction of its subsequent full size transverse engine FWD C and H platform vehicles, in the face of engineering issues.