Ego depletion is the idea that self-control or willpower draws upon conscious mental resources that can be taxed to exhaustion when in constant use with no reprieve (with the word "ego" used in the psychoanalytic sense rather than the colloquial sense).[1]
The theory proposes that when the energy for mental activity is low, self-control is typically impaired, which would be considered a state of ego depletion. In particular, experiencing a state of ego depletion impairs the ability to control oneself later on. A depleting task requiring self-control can have a hindering effect on a subsequent self-control task, even if the tasks are seemingly unrelated. Ego depletion is therefore a critical topic in experimental psychology, specifically social psychology, because it is a mechanism that contributes to the understanding of the processes of human self-control. There have both been studies to support[2] and to question[3] the validity of ego-depletion as a theory.[4]
Some meta-analyses and studies have questioned the size and existence of the ego depletion effect.[3] The ultimate validity and conclusions of those later studies are not universally agreed upon.[5] Martin Hagger and Nikos Chatzisrantis, whose 2010 meta-analysis seemed to support the existence of the ego depletion effect,[5] subsequently performed a pre-registered 23-lab replication study that did not find an ego-depletion effect.[6]
Early experimental evidence
American social psychologist Roy Baumeister and his colleagues proposed a model that described self-control like a muscle, which can become both strengthened and fatigued. The researchers proposed that initial use of the "muscle" of self-control could cause a decrease in strength, or ego depletion, for subsequent tasks. Later experimental findings showed support for this muscle model of self-control and ego depletion.[2]
1 2 3 4 Cunningham, MR; Baumeister, RF (2016). "How to Make Nothing Out of Something: Analyses of the Impact of Study Sampling and Statistical Interpretation in Misleading Meta-Analytic Conclusions" . Frontiers in Psychology . 7 : 1639. doi : 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01639 . PMC 5079083. PMID 27826272 .
↑ Gailliot, MT; Baumeister, RF; Dewall, CN; Maner, JK; Plant, EA; Tice, DM; Brewer, BJ; Schmeichel, Brandon J. (2007). "Self-control relies on glucose as a limited energy source: Willpower is more than a metaphor" (PDF) . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 92 (2): 325– 336. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.337.3766 . doi : 10.1037/0022-3514.92.2.325 . PMID 17279852 . S2CID 7496171 . 2008年11月17日にオリジナル(PDF)からアーカイブ済み。
↑ Kurzban, R. (2010). "脳は自己制御課題中に追加のグルコースを消費するのか?" .進化心理学. 8 (2): 244–59 . doi : 10.1177/147470491000800208 . PMC 10480967 . PMID 22947794 .
↑ Hagger, MS; Chatzisarantis, NL (2013). "成功の甘い味:口腔内のグルコースの存在は自己制御資源の枯渇を緩和する". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin . 39 (1): 28–42 . doi : 10.1177/0146167212459912 . hdl : 10072/171920 . PMID 22995892. S2CID 1691752 .
↑ Clarkson, JJ; Hirt, ER; Austin Chapman, AD; Jia, L. (2010). "The impact of illusory fatigue on executive control: Do perceptions of depletion impair working memory capacity?". Social Psychological and Personality Science . 2 (3): 231– 238. doi : 10.1177/1948550610386628 . S2CID 13809943 .
↑ Dorris, DC; Power, DA; Kenefick, E. (2011). "アスリートの運動ルーチンに対する自我枯渇の影響の調査". Psychology of Sport and Exercise . 13 (2): 118– 125. doi : 10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.10.004 .
↑ Hofmann, W.; Strack, F.; Deutsch, R. (2008). "自由に購入できる?消費者行動における自己制御と衝動の説明". Journal of Consumer Psychology . 18 (1): 22– 26. doi : 10.1016/j.jcps.2007.10.005 .
↑ Schmeichel, BJ; Vohs, KD; Baumeister, RF (2003). "知的パフォーマンスと自我枯渇:論理的推論およびその他の情報処理における自己の役割". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 85 (1): 33–46 . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.186.4312 . doi : 10.1037/0022-3514.85.1.33 . PMID 12872883. S2CID 10100150 .
↑ Cutright, Keisha M.; Samper, Adriana (2014). "Doing It the Hard Way: How Low Control Drives Preferences for High-Effort Products and Services". Journal of Consumer Research . 41 (3): 730– 745. doi : 10.1086/677314 . hdl : 2286/RI27265 .
↑ Tice, DM; Baumeister, RF; Shmueli, D.; Muraven, M. (2007). "自己の回復:肯定的感情は自我枯渇後の自己制御の改善に役立つ". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology . 43 (3): 379– 384. doi : 10.1016/j.jesp.2006.05.007 . S2CID 8829279 .
1 2 Baumeister, RF; Vohs, KD (2007). "自己制御、自我枯渇、および動機付け". Social and Personality Psychology Compass . 1 : 115–128 . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.476.3972 . doi : 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00001.x .
↑ Lindner, C.; Nagy, G.; Arhuis, WAR; Retelsdorf, J. (2017). "自己制御と認知パフォーマンスの相互作用に関する新しい視点:漸進的枯渇パターンのモデリング" . PLOS ONE . 12 (6) e0180149. Bibcode : 2017PLoSO..1280149L . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0180149 . PMC 5491132 . PMID 28662176 .
↑ Stasielowicz, L. (2019). "自我枯渇は適応的パフォーマンスを損なうか?縦断的分析" . Cogent Psychology . 6. doi : 10.1080/23311908.2019.1640340 . S2CID 199158277 .
↑ Inzlicht, M.; Schmeichel, BJ (2012). "自我枯渇とは何か?自己制御のリソースモデルのメカニズム的改訂に向けて". Perspectives on Psychological Science . 7 (5): 450–463 . doi : 10.1177/1745691612454134 . PMID 26168503. S2CID 3899310 .
↑ Carter, Evan C.; McCullough, Michael E. (2014). "出版バイアスと自己制御の限定的強度モデル:自我枯渇の証拠は過大評価されているのか?" . Frontiers in Psychology . 5 : 823. doi : 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00823 . PMC 4115664. PMID 25126083 .
↑Inzlicht, Michael; Gervais, Will; Berkman, Elliot (2015). "Bias-Correction Techniques Alone Cannot Determine Whether Ego Depletion is Different from Zero: Commentary on Carter, Kofler, Forster, & McCullough". SSRN Electronic Journal. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2659409. SSRN2659409.
↑R, Dr (2016-04-18). "Replicability Report No. 1: Is Ego-Depletion a Replicable Effect?". Replicability-Index. Retrieved 2017-01-12.
↑"RRR – The Ego-Depletion Paradigm - Association for Psychological Science". www.psychologicalscience.org. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
↑Baumeister, Roy F.; Vohs, Kathleen D. (July 2016). "Misguided Effort With Elusive Implications". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 11 (4): 574–575. doi:10.1177/1745691616652878. PMID27474143. S2CID3960942.
↑Vohs, Kathleen D.; etal. (October 2021). "A Multisite Preregistered Paradigmatic Test of the Ego-Depletion Effect". Psychological Science. 32 (10): 1566–1581. doi:10.1177/0956797621989733. hdl:10072/408369. PMID34520296. S2CID236708287.
↑"Curated independent direct replications of ego depletion effect". www.curatescience.org. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
Further reading
Baumeister, R.F.; Dewall, C.N.; Ciarocco, N.J.; Twenge, JM (2005). "Social Exclusion Impairs Self-Regulation"(PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 88 (4): 589–604. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.589. PMID15796662. S2CID43714742.
Bayer, Ya'Akov M.; Osher, Yamima (2018). "Time preference, executive functions, and ego-depletion: An exploratory study". Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics. 11 (3): 127–134. doi:10.1037/npe0000092. S2CID149582921.
Hagger, Martin S.; Wood, Chantelle; Stiff, Chris; Chatzisarantis, Nikos L. D. (2010). "Ego Depletion and the Strength Model of Self-Control: A Meta-Analysis". Psychological Bulletin. 136 (4): 495–525. doi:10.1037/a0019486. PMID20565167. S2CID22705578.
Inzlicht, M.; Schmeichel, B. J. (2012). "What is ego depletion? Toward a mechanistic revision of the resource model of self-control". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 7 (5): 450–463. doi:10.1177/1745691612454134. PMID26168503. S2CID3899310.
Daniel Kahneman (October 25, 2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Macmillan. ISBN978-1-4299-6935-2
Muraven, M.; Baumeister, R. F. (2000). "Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle?". Psychological Bulletin. 126 (2): 247–259. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.247. PMID10748642. S2CID10962693.
Muraven, M.; Tice, D. M.; Baumeister, R. F. (1998). "Self-control as a limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 74 (3): 774–789. CiteSeerX10.1.1.585.317. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.774. PMID9523419.
External links
Resources and Articles on Ego DepletionArchived 2015-02-18 at the Wayback Machine
New York Times editorial
Replicability of Ego Depletion Studies
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