Wages/Salaries: This category includes earnings from labor income, such as regular wages and salaries. It constitutes approximately 60% of an individual's income and is an essential component of the national income and product accounts.
Rent: Rental income earned by individuals from properties they own, such as homes, land, or equipment, is considered part of personal income. Rent accounts for about 2% to 3% of total personal income.
Interest: Interest income is generated from bank accounts, bonds, loans, and other fixed-income instruments. It contributes approximately 10% to 13% of personal income.
Profit: Profit represents the share of a company's capital that belongs to entrepreneurs. In the personal income formula, dividends are used to account for profit. Dividends typically make up 2% to 4% of personal income. Additionally, two types of business profit are not distributed: retained earnings and corporate taxes on gains.
Profits of the Proprietor: Owners of sole proprietorships and partnerships do not receive wages or salaries; instead, they receive a percentage of the business's profits, known as proprietor's income. This type of income makes up about 10% of personal income.
Transfer Payments: Transfer payments account for approximately 15% to 20% of personal income. These are income sources that individuals receive but are not generated through factors of production. Examples of transfer payments include social security benefits, welfare payments, and unemployment compensation.
A second method of calculating personal income involves adjusting the National Income by considering earned but unpaid income and received but not earned income:
PI = NI + Earned but Unpaid Income + Received but not Earned Income
Earned but Unpaid Income: This category includes undistributed profits, social security taxes, and corporate taxes. Undistributed profits represent the portion of a business's revenues reserved for future business prospects, while social security taxes are contributions made by workers. Businesses pay corporate taxes on their profits.
Received but not Earned Income: Social security benefits, unemployment benefits, and welfare payments are examples of income that individuals receive but do not earn. The government provides these payments to support various household members, such as retirees, disabled individuals, and the unemployed.
Importance of personal income
Personal income significantly affects an individual's well-being and living conditions. A higher personal income generally indicates higher welfare and better living standards for the average person. As a result, individuals often seek ways to increase their income to afford more goods and improve their overall quality of life.
↑ Cummins, Robert A.「個人所得と主観的幸福感:レビュー」 Journal of Happiness Studies 1.2 (2000): 133-158.
↑ Usher, D. (1987). "実質所得". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–3 . doi : 10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1830-1 . ISBN978-1-349-95121-5。
1 2 3 Todaro, Michael P.; Smith, Stephen C. (2020). Economic Development (13th ed.). Pearson Education. ISBN978-1-292-29115-4。
↑ Gastwirth, Joseph L. (1972). "ローレンツ曲線とジニ係数の推定" . The Review of Economics and Statistics . 54 (3): 306– 316. doi : 10.2307/1937992 . ISSN 0034-6535 . JSTOR 1937992 .