歴史的に承認されていない国家のリスト

歴史上承認されていない、または部分的に承認された国家または政府のこれらのリストは、主権国家として承認されることを望んだものの、世界的な外交承認を得られなかった消滅した地政学的実体の概要を示しています。ここに記載された国は、主張する領土を事実上支配しており、完全な独立を望みながら自治を行っていました。または、領土に対するそのような支配がない場合は、少なくとも 1 つの他の承認された国によって承認されていました。

掲載基準

このリストに含まれる基準は、限定承認国家のリストの基準と同様です。ここに含まれるには、国家が主権を主張し、事実上の存在期間の大部分において少なくとも 1 つの広く認められた国家によって承認されておらず、次のいずれかの条件を満たしている必要があります。

人口を有し、他の国家と関係を結ぶ能力を持つ組織化された政府を有していた。
主権国家として認められている領土またはその領土の大部分を事実上支配していた

アフリカ

アフリカ大陸の国の総数は、地域全体の不安定さにより変動します。最新のリストについては、「アフリカの主権国家および従属領の一覧」の記事を参照してください。

西アフリカの指導者たちの汚職によって大きな不安定さが生み出された。^[1]

多くの指導者は、政治的利益のために民族グループを疎外し、民族紛争（植民地支配によって悪化、あるいは作り出されたものもあった）を煽った。多くの国では、軍が秩序を効果的に維持できる唯一のグループとみなされ、1970年代から1980年代初頭にかけて、軍がアフリカの多くの国を支配した。1960年代初頭から1980年代後半にかけて、アフリカでは70回以上のクーデターと13回の大統領暗殺があった。国境や領土紛争も頻繁に発生し、多くの国でヨーロッパが押し付けた国境は、武力紛争を通じて広く争われていた。

アフリカの政治的不安定の原因としては、米国とソ連の冷戦紛争、外国援助への過度の依存、^[2]および国際通貨基金の政策など、さまざまな他の原因が指摘されている。^[3]国が初めて独立したとき、支援を得るために2つの超大国のいずれかと連携することが多かった。北アフリカの多くの国はソ連の軍事援助を受け、中央アフリカと南アフリカの多くの国は米国、フランス、またはその両方の支援を受けた。 1970年代には、新たに独立したアンゴラとモザンビークがソ連と連携し、西アフリカと南アフリカは反乱運動に資金を提供することでソ連の影響を封じ込めようとしたため、状況は悪化した。エチオピアでは大飢饉が発生し、何十万人もの人々が飢えた。マルクス主義/ソ連の政策が状況を悪化させたと主張する者もいた。この紛争とその余波により、推定550万人が死亡した。^{[4] 2003年以来、}ダルフール紛争が続いており、人道的災害となっている。もう一つの注目すべき悲劇的な出来事は、1994年のルワンダ虐殺であり、推定80万人が殺害された。植民地時代後のアフリカでは、エイズも蔓延している問題である。

しかし、21世紀に入り、アフリカにおける武力紛争の数は着実に減少しています。^[a]例えば、アンゴラの内戦は30年近く続いた後、2002年に終結しました。安定と経済改革の改善により、多くのアフリカ諸国への外国投資が大幅に増加し、主に中国からの投資が増加しました。^[6]これにより、多くの国で急速な経済成長が促進され、数十年にわたる停滞と衰退が終わったように見えます。2011年時点で、いくつかのアフリカ諸国は世界で最も急速に成長しており、その成長は2019年まで続いています。^[7]

18世紀と19世紀

20世紀と21世紀

アメリカ大陸

17世紀から19世紀

20世紀と21世紀

アジア

17世紀から19世紀

20世紀と21世紀

ヨーロッパ

10世紀から19世紀

20世紀と21世紀

Oceania

19th century

20th and 21st centuries

Notes

^ While there is less armed conflict in Africa political violence increases. "Open-source conflict data is increasingly used to supplement reporting and analysis of trends in instability in Africa. A number of recent global reports, including the OECD States of Fragility 2016: Understanding Violence, use conflict data to show changes in conflict type, actors, tactics and intensity across and within countries over time".^[5]

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[6] While there is less armed conflict in Africa political violence increases. "Open-source conflict data is increasingly used to supplement reporting and analysis of trends in instability in Africa. A number of recent global reports, including the OECD States of Fragility 2016: Understanding Violence, use conflict data to show changes in conflict type, actors, tactics and intensity across and within countries over time".^[5]

[1] Atuobi, Samuel Mondays. "Corruption and State Instability in West Africa: An Examination of Policy Options" (PDF). Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre (KAIPTC). p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 22, 2021. Retrieved April 12, 2022. Until independence, the opportunities for self-enrichment were limited; the principal beneficiaries of colonial rule were the European elite, officials and businessmen, enjoying a lifestyle which the Africa elite aspired to emulate but were largely prevented from reaching. Independence unlocked the floodgate [of corruption]. Politicians used their public office to extract 'commissions' at every available opportunity. The common cut on government contracts in West Africa was 10 per cent. In numerous cases, prominent politicians simply looted the state treasury, transferring money to their private accounts.

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[Babakov-36] Бабаков В. В., Бурнацком - Бурнардума: первый опыт национально-государственного строительства в Бурятии, Улан-Удэ, 1997 г.

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[Уфа-39] "№104. Акт об образовании всероссийской верховной власти, принятый на государственном совещании, имевшем место в городе Уфе с 8 по 23 сентября 1918 г. // Документы". www.scepsis.ru. Retrieved 2018-11-15.

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[50] avoid any further battles: Actually, the Directive arrived in the Nanchang Mutineers' camp in late September just prior to the battle, sent (or possibly delivered) from Hong Kong by Zhang Tailei. The troops available for stationing in the new Soviet were thus much less than the Comintern planned. (Lescot, Patrick, Empire Rouge, Belfond (Paris: 1999), p. 95.)

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P-593" Manipur has a varied and proud history from the earliest times. It came under British rule as a princely state in 1891. The 'Manipur Constitution Act, 1947, established a democratic form of government with the Maharajah as the Executive Head and a legislature constituted by election on adult franchise, The Legislative Assembly so constituted functioned till it was dissolved on die integration of the erstwhile state with die Dominion of India in October, 194 9.

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[66] Regarding personal names: Freiherr was a title before 1919, but now is regarded as part of the surname. It is translated as Baron. Before the August 1919 abolition of nobility as a legal class, titles preceded the full name when given (Graf Helmuth James von Moltke). Since 1919, these titles, along with any nobiliary prefix (von, zu, etc.), can be used, but are regarded as a dependent part of the surname, and thus come after any given names (Helmuth James Graf von Moltke). Titles and all dependent parts of surnames are ignored in alphabetical sorting. The feminine forms are Freifrau and Freiin.

[67] Thrasher, Peter Adam (1970). Pasquale Paoli: An Enlightened Hero 1725–1807. Hamden, CT: Archon Books. p. 117. ISBN 0-208-01031-9.

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[DavLukZaw-81] The Regency Kingdom has been referred to as a puppet state by Norman Davies in Europe: A history (Internet Archive, p. 910); by Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki in A Concise History of Poland (Google Books, p. 218); by Piotr J. Wroblel in Chronology of Polish History and Nation and History (Google Books, p. 454); and by Raymond Leslie Buell in Poland: Key to Europe (Google Books, p. 68: "The Polish Kingdom... was merely a pawn [of Germany]").

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[108] 「小さな共和国: 民衆による統治の例」ハワイアン・ガゼット、1895年11月1日、1ページ

[ksbe.edu-109] “ハワイ王国転覆の背後にある真実”. 2022年8月14日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2022年8月14日閲覧。

[110] 「西パプアの歴史」。

[111] 「インドネシア：パプアにおける暴力と政治的行き詰まり - 背景：独立運動の勃興と政府の対応」

歴史的に承認されていない国家のリスト

掲載基準

アフリカ

18世紀と19世紀

20世紀と21世紀

アメリカ大陸

17世紀から19世紀

20世紀と21世紀

アジア

17世紀から19世紀

20世紀と21世紀

ヨーロッパ

10世紀から19世紀

20世紀と21世紀

Oceania

19th century

20th and 21st centuries

See also

Notes

References

関連するトピック

主権国家

外交承認を

地政学的

限定承認国家のリストの基準と同様です。ここに含まれるには、国家が