Loading article…
This article lists the heads of state of Iran since the establishment of the modern Iranian nation-state[1] in 1501 AD.
Heads of State of Iran
Timeline
See also
- List of monarchs of Persia
- List of premiers of Iran (1699–1907)
- List of prime ministers of Iran
- List of presidents of Iran
Notes
- ^ Is equivalent to Muharram 907 AH.
- ^ Resigned from Combatant Clergy Association after selection as Supreme Leader.[15]
References
- ^ Mikaberidze 2011, p. 432.
- ^ a b c Potts 2014, p. 230: "During the first nine years of his reign Shah Tahmasp was advised, in succession, by a Rumlu regent (Div Sultan Rumlu); a Triumvirate including a Takkalu (Chuha Soltan Takkalu) and an Ustajlu (Köpek Sultan Ustajlu) chief; a Takkalu (Chuha Sultan) who distributed land widely to members of his own tribe during his four years in office and was ruler of Iran in all but name; and a Shamlu (Husayn Khan Shamlu) who held his post for three years before being put to death in 1533 in alleged complicity with the Ottoman regime."
- ^ Mitchell 2009: "Ṭahmāsp's puppet status continued with his accession to the throne on 23 May 1524, and the self-appointed status of Div Solṭān Rumlu as the Shah's Vicegerent and the Empire's De facto ruler.."
- ^ Savory 1995: "Dīv Solṭān, by virtue of a testamentory disposition of the late Shah, retained the office of Amīr al-Omarā and was made Atābeg (Guardian) of the young prince Ṭahmāsb, who succeeded his father at the age of ten and a half. Dīv Solṭān thus became the De facto ruler of the state... After a period of negotiation, a Triumvirate was formed consisting of Dīv Solṭān Rūmlū, Čūha Solṭān Takkalū, and Kopek Ostājlū, but civil war broke out between rival Qezelbāš factions in 932 AH / 1526 AD. Kopek Solṭān was killed in 933 AH / 1526 or 1527 AD, and Čūha Solṭān succeeded in persuading Shah Ṭahmāsb that Dīv Solṭān was the cause of the discord."
- ^ Savory 2004: "Ḥosayn Khan, however, did not draw the obvious conclusions from the fate of Čuha Sultan, but proceeded to repeat the latter's mistakes, appointing members of the Šāmlu tribe to provincial governorships and fatally underestimating the Shah's new determination to rule De facto as well as De jure."
- ^ Savory 1982: "After the deposition of his father by Nāder Khan Afšār in Rabīʿ I 1145 AH / August 1732 AD, the eight-month-old Abbas was invested as ʿAbbās III on 7 September 1732. Nader Khan, who was the real ruler of the country, dropped his own now obviously inappropriate style of Ṭahmāsp-qolī Khan and assumed the titles of Vakīl-Al-dawla (Deputy of the state) and Nāʾeb-al-salṭana (Viceroy)."
- ^ a b Perry 1998.
- ^ Perry 1991, pp. 68: "The early months of 1751 thus mark the beginning of Karim Khan's rule as Viceroy of the nominal King Ismaʿil III, a position to be hotly disputed for twelve more years but never wrested from him."
- ^ Bamdad 2005, p. 177.
- ^ Gharipour 2012, p. 204.
- ^ Axworthy 2008, p. 192.
- ^ Hambly 1963, p. 169.
- ^ Mahbubi Ardakani 1988: "After the deposition of Mohammad Ali Shah on 16 July 1909, a regent had to be appointed because Ahmad Shah was a Minor. The choice fell on ʿAżod-al-molk. As a senior dignitary and the chief of the Qajar tribe, he enjoyed the respect of the constitutionalists and was in good relationship with the olamā. He served as regent for one year and three months until his death."
- ^ Bakhash 2015: "Citing the disordered state of affairs in Iran, the divisions in parliament, the lack of parliamentary unanimity over his own election, he left France for Iran only in December, arriving home two months later. He did not take the Oath of office until March 1911."
- ^ "جامعه روحانيت مبارز جوان ميشود" [Combatant Clergy Association gets younger] (in Persian). Fararu. 8 July 2012. 118101. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
Bibliography
- Axworthy, Michael (2008). Iran: Empire of the Mind: A History from Zoroaster to the Present Day. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0141903415.
- Gharipour, Mohammad (2012). The Bazaar in the Islamic City: Design, Culture, and History. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-9774165290.
- Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-337-8.
- Perry, John R. [in Persian] (1991). "The Zand dynasty". In Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin R. G. [in Persian]; Melville, Charles P. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–103. ISBN 978-0-52120-095-0.
- Potts, Daniel T. (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199330799.
- Zabir, Sepehr (2011). The Iranian Military in Revolution and War (RLE Iran D). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-81270-5.
- Bāmdād, Mahdī [in Persian] (2005). ʻAlīʹzādah Ishkavarī, D̲abīḥallāh (ed.). Šarḥ-i ḥāl-i riǧāl-i Īrān dar qarn-i 12 wa 13 wa 14 hiǧrī (in Persian). Tehran: Ferdows. ISBN 978-9643201395.
- Hambly, G. R. G. [in Persian] (1963). "Aqa Mohammad Khan and the establishment of the Qajar dynasty". Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society. 50 (2): 161–174. doi:10.1080/03068376308731821.
- Bakhash, Shaul (16 May 2016) [3 December 2015]. "NĀṢER-AL-MOLK, ABU'L-QĀSEM". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- Mahbubi Ardakani, H. [in Persian] (18 August 2011) [15 December 1988]. "ʿAŻOD-AL-MOLK, ʿALĪ REŻĀ KHAN". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 3. Vol. III. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 271–272. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- Mitchell, Colin P. (15 July 2009) [15 July 2009]. "ṬAHMĀSP I". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- Perry, John R. [in Persian] (19 January 2012) [15 December 1998]. "ESMĀʿĪL III ṢAFAWĪ". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 6. Vol. VIII. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. p. 636. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- Savory, Roger M. (13 July 2011) [15 December 1982]. "ʿABBĀS III". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 1. Vol. I. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. p. 76. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- Savory, Roger M. (28 November 2011) [15 December 1995]. "DĪV SOLṬĀN". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 4. Vol. VII. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. p. 431. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
- Savory, Roger M. (23 March 2012) [15 December 2004]. "ḤOSAYN KHAN ŠĀMLU". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 5. Vol. XII. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 514–515. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
External links
- World Statesmen – Iran