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Komi (коми кыв, komi kyv, IPA:[komikɨv]ⓘ), also known as Zyran, Zyrian or Komi-Zyryan (зыран коми кыв, zyran komi kyv),[5] is the native language of the Komi (Zyrians). It is one of the Permic languages; the other regional varieties are Komi-Permyak,[6] which has official status, and Komi-Yazva.
Komi is spoken in the Komi Republic and other parts of Russia such as Nenetsia and Yamalia. There were 285,000 speakers in 1994, which decreased to 160,000 in 2010.
It was formerly written in the Old Permic script created by Stephen of Perm for liturgical purposes in the 14th century, though very few texts exist in this script. The Cyrillic script was introduced by Russian missionaries in the 17th century, replacing it. A tradition of secular works of literature in the modern form of the language dates back to the 19th century.
Komi has ten dialects: Syktyvkardin (Sysola), Lower Ežva (Vychegda), Central Ežva (Vychegda), Upper Ežva (Vychegda), Luz-let, Upper Sysola, Pećöra, Iźva, Vym, and Udora dialects. Syktyvkardin is spoken in the region of Syktyvkar and forms the model for the generic standard dialect of the language. Dialects are divided based primarily on their use of /v/ and /l/:[7]
The start of the change date to the 17th century. It is not seen in the oldest Komi texts from the 14th century, nor in loanwords from Komi to Khanty, dated to the 16th; though it fully occurred before Russian loanwords that entered the language in the 18th century as /l/ remains unchanged in these.
Some dialects are further distinguished based on the palatalized alveolars /dʲtʲ/, which have unpacked in syllable-final position as clusters /jdjt/.[7]
There are no diphthongs, although vowel sequences can occur at morpheme boundaries.
The phoneme /ɨ/ is phonetically [ɯ̈], and /a/ is phonetically [ä]. There is noticeable positional allophony, depending on the surrounding consonants, however no allophone overlaps with another vowel phoneme.[8]
The Old Permic script is the first writing system for Komi. It was invented in the 14th century by the missionary Stephen of Perm. The alphabet resembled medieval Greek and Cyrillic. The script was also known as Anbur (Komi: 𐍐𐍝𐍑𐍣𐍠, Анбур), named for the first 2 letters of the script, "an" & "bur" (𐍐 & 𐍑, respectively). It is no longer in use today, though it has received Unicode Support as "Old Permic" in recent times.[9] The script saw use in Komi-inhabited areas, primarily the Principality of Great Perm and parts of Bjarmaland.
16世紀には、このアルファベットは破擦音の修正を加えたロシア語アルファベットに置き換えられました。1920年代には、キリル文字から派生したモロドツォフ文字で表記されていました。1930年代、ソビエト連邦のラテン文字化の過程で、コミ語は一時的にラテン文字の一種で表記されました。1940年代以降は、ロシア語を基にしたキリル文字に文字І、іとӦ、ӧを追加して使用しています。
モロドツォフ文字に特有の文字には、 ԁ、ԃ、ԅ、ԇ、ԉ、ԋ、ԍ、ԏなどがあり、そのほとんどは口蓋化された子音を表します。
コミ語には17の格があり、場所を表す格が豊富です。他のウラル語族と同様に、コミ語には性別がありません。動詞は主語の人称と数（単数／複数）に一致します。否定は助動詞で表され、助動詞は人称、数、時制に応じて活用します。
コミ語は膠着語であり、主語-目的語-動詞の語順に従います。[ 11 ]しかし、ロシア語の影響が強く、その結果として借用語が生じたため、現代のテキストのほとんどは主語-動詞-目的語の語順になっています。
以下のサンプルテキストは、コミ・ジリャン民謡「Катшасинъяс」（Kačaśinjas、意味はデイジー）のアンブル文字、キリル文字（現代）、ラテン文字の歌詞を示しています。
アンブル文字で書かれた、歌の最初の節とリフレイン：
2番目の詩とリフレインを、ジリヤン・キリル文字で表記したもの：
現代ラテン語で書かれた、3番目にして最後の詩とリフレイン：
ウィキメディア・コモンズにあるコミ語関連のメディア