同型置換

Early demonstrations of isomorphous replacement in crystallography come from James M. Cork,^[3]John Monteath Robertson,^[4] and others. An early demonstration of isomorphous replacement in crystallography came in 1927 with a paper reporting the x-ray crystal structures of a series of alum compounds from Cork.^[3] The alum compounds studied had the general formula A^.B^.(SO₄)₂^.12H₂O, where A was a monovalent metallic ion (NH4⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺, or Tl⁺), B was a trivalent metallic ion (Al³⁺, Cr³⁺, or Fe³⁺) and S was usually sulfur, but could also be selenium or tellurium. Because the alum crystals were largely isomorphous when the heavy atoms were changed out, they could be phased by isomorphous replacement. Fourier analysis was used to find the heavy atom positions.

The first demonstration of isomorphous replacement in protein crystallography was in 1954 with a paper from David W. Green, Vernon Ingram, and Max Perutz.^[5]

• Multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD)
• Single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD)

• Patterson map

• de la Fortelle E、Bricogne G (1997) 「多重同形置換法および多波長異常散乱法における重原子パラメータの最尤法精密化」高分子結晶学パートA、Methods in Enzymology、第276巻、472-494 頁。doi : 10.1016/S0076-6879(97) 76073-7。ISBN  978-0-12-182177-7PMID 27799110 .​ 
• Bella J 、Rossmann MG ( 1998)。 「複数のMAD および MIR データに対する一般的な位相決定アルゴリズム」。Acta Crystallogr . D。54 ( 2 ) : 159–174。Bibcode : 1998AcCrD..54..159B。doi : 10.1107/s0907444997010469。PMID 9761882。 

• SOLVE（現在はPHENIXに統合）– Terwilliger, TCおよびJ. Berendzen。（1999）「自動化されたMADおよびMIR構造解析」。Acta Crystallographica D55、849-861。