Kilauea – Hawaii, United States – the volcano has a long record of phreatic explosions; a 1924 phreatic eruption hurled rocks estimated at eight tons up to a distance of one kilometer.[7]
Steam cannon– Projectile launcher powered by heat and water
References
↑Mullineaux, D.R. et al. (1987) Volcanic Hazards in the Hawaiian Islands in Volcanism in Hawaii, volume 1, USGS Professional Paper 1350, page 602.
12"VHP Photo Glossary: Phreatic eruption". Volcano Hazards Program. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
↑ "On February 20th, 1979, 142 inhabitants of Dieng Plateau (Indonesia) were asphyxiated by poisonous gases during a mild phreatic eruption. From later fields gas collection and analysis, the casualties are considered to be due to CO2 rich volcanic gases." F. Le Guern, H. Tazieff and R. Faivre Pierret, "An example of health hazard: People killed by gas during a phreatic eruption: Diëng plateau (Java, Indonesia), February 20th 1979", Bulletin of Volcanology45 (1982): 153–156.
↑「1883年のクラカタウ噴火では、前駆的な水蒸気爆発またはマグマ水蒸気爆発段階が確認されている(Simkin and Fiske、1983)」。1883年のクラカタウ噴火では、前駆的な水蒸気爆発またはマグマ水蒸気爆発段階が確認されている(Simkin and Fiske、1983)。David JW Piper、Georgia Pe-Piper、Darren Lefort、「161 ka のコス高原凝灰岩噴火の前駆活動、エーゲ海(ギリシャ)」、 Bulletin of Volcanology 72(2010):657–669。
↑ Simkin T、Fiske RS (1983) Krakatau 1883: The Volcanic Eruption and its Effects . Smithsonian Institution Press、ワシントン。
↑ Steven N. WardおよびSimon Day ( 2003)。 「リッター島火山―横方向の崩壊と 1888 年の津波」。Geophysical Journal International。154 ( 3): 891–902。Bibcode : 2003GeoJI.154..891W。doi : 10.1046 / j.1365-246X.2003.02016.x。