
The Monreale CathedralMosaics are the main internal feature of Monreale Cathedral in the city of Palermo, Sicily, Italy; the mosaics cover 6,500 m2[1]. The mosaics are made up of glass tesserae in the Byzantine style at the orders of King William II.
The main attraction of Monreale Cathedral is its 130 mosaics, which cover almost all the interior walls of the cathedral. In terms of area and conceptual integrity, the Monreale mosaics are one of the largest mosaic cycles in the world. Most of the mosaics were completed in a record short period between 1183 and 1189.
The cathedral was then erected in a royal park on the site of an earlier Greek church. However, work on the structure as well as its decoration was, for the most part, completed following the death of the king in 1189. The cathedral was then later consecrated to the Assumption of the Virgin.[2]


The names of the mosaic artists are unknown, and their national origin is disputed. The artists could have been masters invited from Constantinople, or local masters influenced by Byzantine art.
The "Constantinopolitan" version is supported by the typically Greek attire of Christ, the Mother of God, and the archangels, and Greek inscriptions on a number of mosaics in the apse. The "local" version is supported by the rather primitive execution of the mosaics in the main nave and side chapels, which in some cases deviates from the traditional canons of Byzantine art, and inscriptions in Vulgar Latin on most of the mosaics.
Chronologically, these mosaics belong to the Komnenian period of Byzantine art. Nevertheless, the main characteristic features of the pictorial language of these mosaics are: flatness, lack of volume in figures, a fragmented network of draperies, with small and frequent lines. There is no heightened expression or dynamism in the figures; the image is softer and more decorative (compared to previous Sicilian mosaic cycles). The figures become bulky, heavy, the expressiveness of gestures is lost, and the folds of clothing become immobile. Faces become volumetric—the heightened spirituality of Byzantine countenances disappears. A Romanesque beginning is clearly felt in the images, which also manifested itself in the cathedral's architecture: a stern tranquility emanates from the somewhat crude images.[3]
Based on stylistic differences, a number of researchers suggest that the Monreale cycle may have been created in two stages:[4]
Most researchers, however, support the traditional version that the mosaics were created between 1183 and 1189.
The mosaic cycle in the nave bears the imprint of new trends that emerged in 13th-century art: the canonical spirit began to give way to a freer interpretation of biblical events, and the features of the artist's creative personality were already somewhat evident in the depiction. For the first time in Southern Italian art, the interpretation of scripture takes on a narrative character. The nave mosaics of Monreale became one of the first links in the process of restructuring medieval consciousness, which began in the 13th century throughout Italy and ultimately led to the Proto-Renaissance and Renaissance. As Otto Demus notes, the narrative cycle of Monreale is characteristic of the period of disintegration of the classical Byzantine scheme of church decoration: this monument is cited by the researcher as an example of mosaicists using a new technique—a common landscape is used as a means of transforming adjacent scenes into a unified cycle.[6]
Some mosaics on the upper tier were damaged in a fire in the early 19th century and were "restored" — either remade or replaced. In some cases, there was confusion (one of the medallions in the nave arch was misplaced) or deliberate iconographic substitution (in particular, Saint Restituta was replaced with Saint Agatha).
There is a lack of knowledge in regards to the raw materials as well as the type of technology utilized during the production of mosaics created after the twelfth century. Due to this lapse in knowledge and available information, an archaeometric investigation was executed, which worked to examine the materials that were used for the mosaic decoration of the South aisle wall of the Monreale Cathedral.[7]
During this investigation, they examined pieces of fallen colored and gilded glass tesserae by combining the molecular technique of Raman spectroscopy, as well as an elemental technique which utilized a portable X-ray Fluorescence.

モザイクはガラスのテッセラでできており、 12 世紀後半から 13 世紀半ばにかけて地元の職人によってビザンチン様式で制作されました。 [ 8 ]大理石の板の間にモザイクの帯を挟んだ高い腰壁を除いて、すべてのアーチの天井と側柱を含む壁の内側の表面全体が、金色の地に鮮やかな色の微細なモザイク画で覆われています。旧約聖書と新約聖書の両方の物語を描いたモザイク画は、水平と垂直の帯で区切られた段に配置されています。聖歌隊席の一部には、主題または単一の人物のこのような段が 5 つ、上下に並んでいます。
モンレアーレ大聖堂の内部には、数多くの宗教的なモザイク画が飾られています。内部は非常に広大で、豪華な装飾がふんだんに施されています。モザイク画の他にも、古代の柱、壁の下部を飾る大理石のパネル、聖域の精巧な床などがあります。聖域と身廊の壁の上部を覆うモザイク画は、前述の通り約6,500平方メートルに及びます。この広大なモザイク画群により、モンレアーレ大聖堂はイタリアで最も大規模なモザイク装飾を誇り、ヴェネツィアのサン・マルコ大聖堂を凌駕しています。
モンレアーレ大聖堂のモザイクには、数多くの有名で著名な宗教的人物や図像が描かれている。また、ノアの箱舟の航海やアダムとイブの労働など、聖書の物語を描いたモザイクも数多くある。[ 2 ]
東後陣の最初の図に示されているように、キリスト・パントクラトールの手の像が目立ち、他の描かれた人物像と比べて優れた様式を示しています。[ 2 ]キリストは、東後陣の下や周囲にある他の小さな人物像と比べて最も大きな人物像です。その下には、次に焦点となるのは玉座に座った聖母子像で、両脇には大天使と使徒がいます。
また、後陣のキュロットには使徒である聖ペテロと聖パウロの玉座に座った像が飾られており、近くの壁には彼らの生涯の場面が描かれている。 [ 2 ]
交差部の壁と大聖堂の翼廊には、キリストの生涯を包括的に描いたモザイク画が3つのレベルにわたって描かれている。[ 2 ]このモザイク画は身廊にも続いており、創世記から取られた42の場面が2つのレベルに分かれて描かれている。さらに、側廊にはキリストの奇跡を描いたモザイク画がある。
各絵画の碑文には、描かれている主題や聖人についての説明が記されています。碑文はラテン語ですが、ごく一部はギリシャ語です。身廊の主題は創世記の場面から始まり、キリストの旧約聖書の型と救済計画、そしてキリストの到来を預言し準備した人々の姿が描かれています。 [ 2 ]下段と聖歌隊席の周りには新約聖書の主題があり、主にキリストの奇跡と苦難、使徒、福音書記者、その他の聖人が描かれています。

大聖堂のモザイクシリーズは、5つの大きなサイクルに分けられます。[ 9 ]
大聖堂の壁面(アーチ、屋根の下、聖歌隊席)に描かれた物語モザイクに加え、聖人の全身像や半身像(メダリオン)のモザイクも数多く存在する。アーチはモザイク模様で豊かに装飾されており、モンレアーレのモザイク職人たちがアラブ文化から受けた影響を物語っている。
また、2人の寄贈者による献辞についても触れておくことが重要です。


主身廊の尖頭アーチ上部(身廊の南側と北側)と後方の西壁全体は、創世記を描いたモザイクで覆われている。主身廊のモザイクの描写の質と構成は、後陣のモザイクとは大きく異なる。主身廊のモザイクには遠近法が用いられておらず、人物像は不均衡に描かれ、風景や建築の細部はかなり様式化されている。しかし同時に、これらのモザイクは、より自然で、日常生活の現実に近く、登場人物のポーズや動きが自由であるという特徴も持っている。


聖壇と翼廊のモザイク画は、キリストの地上での生涯の出来事を題材としているが、福音書に記された奇跡のほとんどは含まれていない(これらは側廊のモザイク画に描かれている)。この一連のモザイク画は、聖壇内部から鑑賞するのが最も良いが、最近まで一般信徒の立ち入りは禁止されていた。そのため、これらのモザイク画は、訪問者やガイドブックの目に留まることが少ない。しかしながら、これらのモザイク画の多くは、その劇的な迫力と鮮やかな描写で際立っている。
The entire concha of the main apse is occupied by a colossal image of Christ Pantocrator. The fingers of the Savior's right hand are folded in a gesture of blessing, and in His left hand, He holds the Gospel open to the verse: "I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life" (John 8:12), written in Latin and Greek. The image of Christ Pantocrator is widespread in the Orthodox East and was adopted by Norman architecture (cathedrals in Cefalù, Messina, the Palatine Chapel). The distinction of the Monreale Pantocrator from other similar images is that the Savior's arms are widely outstretched, as if embracing everyone in the temple. The mosaic's creators also achieved an optical effect, thanks to which Christ's eyes are directed at each of the worshippers. Those parts of the figure (arms and hands, the book) which appear foreshortened due to the curvature of the niche, are enlarged and elongated to neutralize perspective distortions. The image of Christ Pantocrator is colossal: the Savior's head, including the beard, is over 3 meters high, His right arm extends 7 meters, and the entire image is 7 meters high and 13.30 meters wide.
The mosaicist who worked on the apse expanded its space by incorporating the adjoining presbytery in order to obtain sufficient room for the execution of the large and complex program commissioned to him. To define the boundaries of the new compartment, on the facade of the triumphal arch, he depicted in mosaic (as part of the iconography of the Stylite saints) the sculptural columns that actually stand in the Cefalù Cathedral, which served as his model, even reproducing their color scheme.[6]
Surrounding the image of the Pantocrator, arranged in medallions in the inner semicircle, are eight Old Testament righteous men and prophets and another image of the Savior – Christ Emmanuel. The outer semicircle consists of the Heavenly Powers – Archangels Raphael, Michael, Gabriel, and Uriel, six-winged Cherubim and Seraphim, crying out "Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God of hosts" (Isaiah 6:3), as well as the traditional Byzantine depiction of the Hetoimasia (Prepared Throne).
Most of the apse mosaics are typically Byzantine, with inscriptions in Greek (Christ Pantocrator, the inner semicircle of Old Testament righteous men, Deisis, the Annunciation scene) and Latin (the outer semicircle of Heavenly Powers, the lower row of saints, the arch with Archangels).