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1769年の教皇選挙会議（2月15日～5月19日）は、1769年2月2日に教皇クレメンス13世が死去した後に招集され、枢機卿ジョヴァンニ・ガンガネッリの選出で終了し、彼はクレメンス14世という名を名乗った 。
クレメンス13世は1769年2月2日に急逝した。これは、彼がイエズス会の全面的な解散要求を検討するために招集した枢機卿会議の開催日の前日であった。ブルボン家とポルトガル王国（ブラガンサ家）の様々な宮廷は、彼の在位期間のほぼ全期間にわたり、この修道会を解散させるよう聖座に強い圧力をかけていた。1759年にはイエズス会士はポルトガルとそのすべての領土から追放され、1764年にはフランス王国から、1767年にはスペインから、1768年にはナポリ王国、シチリア王国、パルマ公国、ピアチェンツァ公国から追放された。クレメンス13世は（例えば1765年の教皇勅書「アポストリクム・パスケンディ」で）イエズス会を強く擁護したが、成功しなかった。 1769年1月、フランスとナポリはアヴィニョン、ベネヴェント、ポンテコルヴォ周辺の教皇領を占領し、教皇に修道会の解散を命じる布告を出させた。75歳で急逝したクレメンス13世は、この難しい決断を後継者に委ねた。[ 1 ]
The papal conclave in 1769 was almost completely dominated by the problem of the Society of Jesus. The Sacred College of Cardinals was divided into two blocs: pro-Jesuits and anti-Jesuits, but several cardinals were neutral. The pro-Jesuit faction, called zelanti, grouped Italian curial cardinals who opposed the secular influences on the Church. Their leaders were Gian Francesco and Alessandro Albani and cardinal-nephew of the deceased pope Carlo Rezzonico. The anti-Jesuit bloc (called also "court faction") grouped crown-cardinals of the Catholic Powers: France, Spain and Naples. Respectively ruled at the time by Louis XV of France, Charles III of Spain and Ferdinand III of Sicily/Ferdinand IV of Naples. In spite of the national divisions they worked together for the main goal – suppression of the Society of Jesus. The Bourbon courts had decided to put the official leadership of this bloc in the hands of the French Cardinal de Bernis. He and his colleagues were instructed to block every pro-Jesuit candidature, even with the official exclusion if necessary. Several cardinals, among them Lorenzo Ganganelli, did not belong to either faction.[2][3][4]
The French government was more fastidious than Spanish and Neapolitan. Only three cardinals were considered good candidates: Conti, Durini, and Ganganelli[5]
Out of these 43 cardinals, only 27 or 28 were actually considered papabile, while the remaining 15 were excluded due to their age or health.[3]
The conclave began on 15 February 1769. Initially, only 27 cardinals participated.[6]zelanti, taking advantage of the small number of the electors and the absence of the French and Spanish cardinals, tried to achieve a quick election of Cardinal Flavio Chigi. In one ballot, he was only two votes short of being elected. The efforts of the zelanti were met with strong protests from the ambassadors of France and Spain, and Cardinal Orsini, protector of the Kingdom of Naples and the only crown-cardinal present in the early ballots, was able to join some neutral cardinals to block Chigi's candidature.[7]
前例のない出来事は、神聖ローマ皇帝ヨーゼフ2世の訪問であった。彼は3月6日に身分を隠してローマに到着し、コンクラーベへの参加を許可された。彼は2週間滞在し、選挙人たちと自由に議論した。彼は彼らに圧力をかけることはなく、世俗の支配者に対する適切な敬意をもって職務を遂行できる教皇の選出を願うだけであった。[ 8 ]
ベルニス枢機卿は3月末にコンクラーベに入り、オルシーニ枢機卿から反イエズス会派の指導権を奪った。オルシーニ枢機卿は、ゼランティ派の行動を阻止するには大変な苦労を要した。ベルニスはすぐにフランス大使のオーベテール侯爵と定期的な連絡を取り始めたが、これはコンクラーベの基本法に違反していた。[ 9 ]フランスとスペインの大使は、ベルニスに、将来の教皇の選出はイエズス会を弾圧するという書面による約束に左右されるべきだと主張するよう促した。ベルニスはこれを拒否し、将来の教皇にイエズス会を滅ぼすという書面または口頭による約束を求めることは教会法に違反すると答えた。この拒否にもかかわらず、ベルニスはその後数週間、ゼランティ派が提案した候補者をイエズス会に忠実すぎるとして次々と拒否した。このようにして、28人の教皇候補者のうち23人が排除された[ 3 ]。その中には、かつて教皇の座に選出される寸前までいったイエズス会を強く支持していたファンツッツィ枢機卿[ 10 ]、カヴァルキーニ、コロンナ、ストッパニ、ポッツォボネッリ[ 11 ] 、セルサーレ[ 12 ]、その他数名が含まれていた。
The arrival of Spanish cardinals Solis and de la Cerda on 27 April[6] strengthened the anti-Jesuit party. They also violated the law of the conclave by establishing regular correspondence with Spanish ambassador Azpuru. The Spaniards had fewer scruples than Bernis and, supported by Cardinal Malvezzi, took the matter into their own hands. They paid attention to the only friar in the Sacred College, Cardinal Lorenzo Ganganelli, O.F.M.Conv. The attitude of Ganganelli towards the Jesuits was a great mystery – he had been educated by the Jesuits and it was said that he received the red hat at the instance of Father Lorenzo Ricci, general of the Society of Jesus, but during the pontificate of Clement XIII he did not engage himself in the defence of the Order. Cardinal Solis began by sounding him out as to his willingness to give the promise required by the Bourbon princes as an indispensable condition for election. Ganganelli answered that "he recognized in the sovereign pontiff the right to extinguish, with good conscience, the Society of Jesus, provided he observed the canon law; and that it was desirable that the pope should do everything in his power to satisfy the wishes of the Crowns".[3] It is not certain whether it was a written or only an oral promise,[13] but this declaration fully satisfied the ambassadors.
In the same time, the zelanti, also began to incline to give their support to Ganganelli, looking upon him as indifferent or even favourable to the Jesuits. It seems that the attitude of the zelanti was decided by the secret negotiations between their leaders Alessandro and Gian Francesco Albani and the Spanish cardinals.[14] Cardinal de Bernis, the nominal leader of the court faction, probably did not play any role in the appointment of Ganganelli and only followed the instructions of Marquis d'Aubeterre when all had been already known.[15]
In the final ballot on 19 May 1769, Cardinal Lorenzo Ganganelli was elected to the papacy, receiving all votes except of his own, which he gave to Carlo Rezzonico, nephew of Clement XIII and one of the leaders of the zelanti.[3] He took the name of Clement XIV, in honour of Clement XIII, who had elevated him to the cardinalate.