Generally, LFP batteries are less susceptible to thermal runaway reactions like those in lithium cobalt batteries; they exhibit better performance at elevated temperatures. Research has shown that at room temperature (23°C), the initial capacity loss approximates 40-50mAh/g. However, at 40°C and 60°C, the capacity losses approximate 25 and 15mAh/g respectively, but these capacity losses were spread over 20 cycles instead of a bulk loss like that in the case of room temperature capacity loss.[71]
However, this is only true for a short cycling timeframe. A later year-long study has shown that, despite LFP batteries having double the equivalent complete cycle, the capacity fade rate increased with increasing temperature for LFP cells, but higher temperature did not affect NCA cells or had a negligible impact on the ageing of NMC cells.[72] This capacity fade is primarily due to the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation reaction being accelerated by increasing temperature.
LFP batteries are particularly affected by low temperatures, which may hinder their use in high-latitude regions. The initial discharge capacities for LFP/C samples at temperatures of 23, 0, -10, and -20°C are 141.8, 92.7, 57.9 and 46.7mAh/g with coulombic efficiency 91.2%, 74.5%, 63.6% and 61.3%. These losses are accounted for by the slow diffusion of lithium ions within the electrodes and the formation of SEI at lower temperatures, which subsequently increases the charge-transfer resistance at the electrolyte-electrode interfaces.[73] Another possible cause of the lowered capacity formation is lithium plating. As mentioned above, low temperature reduces the diffusion rate of lithium ions within the electrodes, allowing the lithium plating rate to compete with the intercalation rate. Colder conditions lead to higher growth rates and shift the initial point to a lower state of charge, meaning the plating process starts earlier.[74] Lithium plating uses up lithium which then compete with the intercalation of lithium into graphite, decreasing the capacity of the batteries. The aggregated lithium ions are deposited on the surface of electrodes in the form of "plates" or even dendrites, which may penetrate the separators, short-circuiting the battery completely.[75]
LiMPO4
With general chemical formula of LiMPO4, compounds in the LiFePO4ファミリーはオリビン構造を採用している。MにはFeだけでなくNi [ 76 ] 、 Co [ 77 ]、Mn [ 78 ]も含まれる。材料LiMnx Fe1-x PO4はLMFPとして知られており、LFPと比較して動作電圧が高いため、バッテリー材料として特に魅力的である。 [ 79 ] [ 80 ]
関連する材料の分類には、オリビンAが含まれる。y MPO4 (A = Li、Na、K) および好食構造Li1− x FePO4 F. [ 81 ]
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↑ US9362562B2、Armand, Michel; Goodenough, John B. & Padhi, Akshaya K.他、「二次(充電式)リチウム電池用正極材料」、2016年6月7日発行
↑ CA2803760C、Goodenough, John B.、Padhi, Akshaya 、 Nanjundaswamy, KS他、「二次(充電式)リチウム電池用菱面体ナシコンを含む正極材料」、発行日 2015-06-30
↑バーゼル、クラリアント社「Especialidades químicas da Clariant」。クラリアント株式会社