The carbon intensity of electricity measures the amount of greenhouse gases emitted per unit of electricity produced. The units are in grams of CO₂equivalents per kilowatt-hour of electricity.
Carbon emission intensity of economies in kg of CO₂ per unit of GDP (2016)
An emission intensity (also carbon intensity or C.I.) is the emission rate of a given pollutant relative to the intensity of a specific activity, or an industrial production process; for example grams of carbon dioxide released per megajoule of energy produced, or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross domestic product (GDP). Emission intensities are used to derive estimates of air pollutant or greenhouse gas emissions based on the amount of fuel combusted, the number of animals in animal husbandry, on industrial production levels, distances traveled or similar activity data. Emission intensities may also be used to compare the environmental impact of different fuels or activities. In some case the related terms emission factor and carbon intensity are used interchangeably. The jargon used can be different, for different fields/industrial sectors; normally the term "carbon" excludes other pollutants, such as particulate emissions. One commonly used figure is carbon intensity per kilowatt-hour (CIPK), which is used to compare emissions from different sources of electrical power.
Methodologies
Different methodologies can be used to assess the carbon intensity of a process. Among the most used methodologies there are:
The whole life-cycle assessment (LCA): this includes not only the carbon emissions due to a specific process, but also those due to the production and end-of-life of materials, plants and machineries used for the considered process. This is a quite complex method, requiring a big set of variables.
The well-to-wheels (WTW), commonly used in the Energy and Transport sectors: this is a simplified LCA considering the emissions of the process itself, the emissions due to the extraction and refining of the material (or fuel) used in the process (also "Upstream emissions"), but excluding the emissions due to the production and end-of-life of plants and machineries. This methodology is used, in the US, by the GREET model and in Europe in the JEC WTWArchived 29 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
異なる計算方法を用いると、異なる結果が生じる可能性があります。結果は、地理的な地域や期間によっても大きく異なる場合があります(たとえば、電力の CI がさまざまなヨーロッパ諸国でどのように変化するか、また数年間でどのように変化するかを参照してください。2009 年から 2013 年にかけて、欧州連合の電力の CI は平均で 20% 低下しました。[ 3 ]したがって、炭素強度のさまざまな値を比較する際には、計算に考慮されたすべての境界条件(または初期仮説)を正しく考慮することが重要です。たとえば、中国の油田は 1 MJあたり1.5 g から 40 g を超える CO 2eを排出しており、すべての油田の約 90% が 1.5~13.5 g CO 2eを排出しています。[ 4 ]このような非常に偏った炭素強度パターンでは、一見均質な排出活動を分解し、理解するために多くの要因を適切に考慮する必要があります。[ 5 ]
↑This section deals with CO2 emissions from energy combustion published in official inventories from the European Environment Agency. The indicators are not expressed under normal climate conditions (i. e. with climate corrections) to comply with the official definition of CO2 inventories. CO2 emissions of final consumers include the emissions of auto producers.
12Dickie, Gloria (4 April 2022). "Factbox: Key takeaways from the IPCC report on climate change mitigation". Reuters. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
↑Calculation of carbon intensity in 2012Archived 20 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine kbb.sk, Slovakia
↑Bank, European Investment (2 February 2023). "Energy Overview 2023".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
↑"2030 Climate Target Plan". climate.ec.europa.eu. 14 July 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2023.
↑Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (1996). "Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories". IPCC. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
↑"FCCC/SBSTA/2004/8"(PDF). Retrieved 20 August 2018.
↑"Emission Factor Database – Main Page". IPCC. 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
↑"Emission Factors". emissionfactors.com. 2012. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2012.