ティチット

ティチット（ベルベル語: Ticit、アラビア語: تيشيت ）は、モーリタニア中南部のタガント高原の麓にある村で、伝統的な建築様式とダール・ティチット遺跡群への近さで知られています。ティチットの主な農業はナツメヤシ栽培で、村には小さな博物館もあります。

ティチット空港には、村の南東1キロメートル（0.62マイル）の荒涼とした地域に指定された、舗装されていない滑走路が2本ある。

歴史

新石器時代

この地域には、かつてのアウカル湖の近くにあるホド窪地の北限を定める長い砂岩の崖の地形が含まれています。^{[ 1 ]}

ダール・ティチットの新石器時代の遺跡は、紀元前2000年頃にティチット文化として知られる農牧民コミュニティによって開拓されました。^[²^] PJ マンソン、オーギュスタン FC ホール、S. アンブラードなどの考古学者は、コミュニティの創設時からキビが栽培されていた証拠をいくつか発見しています。集落は一般的に崖の上に位置し、石造りの建物が含まれていました。これらは西アフリカで現存する最古の考古学的集落であり、サハラ砂漠以南で最古の石造りの集落です。これらは原ソニンケ族によって建設され、おそらくガーナ帝国の前身であったと考えられています。^[³^]^[⁴^]^[⁵^]さまざまな動物や狩猟の場面を描いた数百の岩絵が発見されています。^[⁶^]この地域は、おそらくより乾燥した状況の始まりのために、紀元前500年頃に放棄されました。

中世

The area around Tichit was part of Maasina, the Fula term for the Dhar Tichitt-Walata-Néma region and origin of the name Massina for the Inner Niger Delta.^[7]Al-Bakri's 11th century chronicle records a war between 'Masin' and nearby Awgham. The oldest population strata in Tichit consists of an Afro-Berber group still called the Imasna.^[8]

The town of Tichitt was founded in the 12th century as a caravan stop on the Trans-Saharan trade route linking Oualâta to Chinguetti and eventually Sijilmasa.^[1] According to legend, seven towns have been built on top of each other at the site.^[9]

The Azer dialect of Soninke was spoken in Tichit from the era of the Wagadou Empire until the early 20th century.^[10] The name 'Tichit' may be derived from a term meaning 'language of the blacks' in the Tuareg languages.^[11]

Modern

The town was self-sufficient and boasted several thousand inhabitants in the early 20th century, but desertification and sand encroachment have led to the abandonment of many structures.^[9] In 1996, it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 1999, torrential rains caused flooding that damaged 80% of the town.^[9]

Vernacular Architecture

The Mosque of Tichitt
A decorated door in Tichit
A street in Tichitt
Open space
A view of the medieval town of Tichit
Some modern housing visible in the foreground with many other abandoned historical buildings

Climate

Tichit has a hot desert climate (BWh) according to the Köppen climate classification.

References

1 2Kjeilen, Tore. "TICHIT The living ghost of yesterday's glory". LookLex. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22.
↑Holl 2009.
↑Munson 1980.
↑Fage, J.D (1976), The Cambridge history of Africa, Volume 5, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 338, 339, ISBN 978-0-521-21592-3.
↑Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine (2005), The History of African Cities South of the Sahara, Princeton: Markus Wiener, pp. 42, 43, ISBN 978-1-55876-303-6.
↑Holl 2002.
↑Kane, Oumar (2004). La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul. Paris: Karthala. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
↑al-Sadi, Abd; Hunwick, John (2003). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sa'Di's Ta'Rikh Al-Sudan Down to 1613 and Other Contemporary Documents. Brill Academic. p. 31. ISBN 978-9004128224.
1 2 3Ould Ebnou, Moussa (2000). "The Treasures in Mauritania's dunes". The UNESCO Courier. 53 (12): 26–8. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
↑McDougall, E. Ann (1985). "The View from Awdaghust: War, Trade and Social Change in the Southwestern Sahara, from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Century". The Journal of African History. 26 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1017/S0021853700023069.
↑Michael J Rueck; Niels Christiansen. Northern Songhay languages in Mali and Niger, a sociolinguistic survey. Summer Institute of Linguistics (1999).

Bibliography

Holl, Augustin F.C. (2002), "Time, space, and image making: rock art from the Dhar Tichitt (Mauritania)"(PDF), African Archaeological Review, 19 (2): 75–118, doi:10.1023/A:1015479826570, hdl:2027.42/43991, JSTOR 25130740, S2CID 54741966.
Holl, Augustin F.C. (2009), "Coping with uncertainty: Neolithic life in the Dhar Tichitt-Walata, Mauritania, (ca. 4000–2300 BP)", Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 341 (8–9): 703–712, doi:10.1016/j.crte.2009.04.005.
Munson, Patrick J. (1980), "Archaeology and the prehistoric origins of the Ghana Empire", Journal of African History, 21 (4): 457–466, doi:10.1017/s0021853700018685, JSTOR 182004, S2CID 161981607.

External links

Map showing Tichit: Fond Typographique 1:200,000, République Islamique de Mauritanie Sheet NE-29-XV

[Looklex-1] 1 2Kjeilen, Tore. "TICHIT The living ghost of yesterday's glory". LookLex. Archived from the original on 2020-05-22.

[FOOTNOTEHoll2009-2] Holl 2009.

[FOOTNOTEMunson1980-3] Munson 1980.

[4] Fage, J.D (1976), The Cambridge history of Africa, Volume 5, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 338, 339, ISBN 978-0-521-21592-3.

[5] Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine (2005), The History of African Cities South of the Sahara, Princeton: Markus Wiener, pp. 42, 43, ISBN 978-1-55876-303-6.

[FOOTNOTEHoll2002-6] Holl 2002.

[7] Kane, Oumar (2004). La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul. Paris: Karthala. Retrieved 12 July 2023.

[8] -Sadi, Abd; Hunwick, John (2003). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sa'Di's Ta'Rikh Al-Sudan Down to 1613 and Other Contemporary Documents. Brill Academic. p. 31. ISBN 978-9004128224.

[UNESCO-9] 1 2 3Ould Ebnou, Moussa (2000). "The Treasures in Mauritania's dunes". The UNESCO Courier. 53 (12): 26–8. Retrieved 13 August 2024.

[McDougall-10] McDougall, E. Ann (1985). "The View from Awdaghust: War, Trade and Social Change in the Southwestern Sahara, from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Century". The Journal of African History. 26 (1): 1–31. doi:10.1017/S0021853700023069.

[RueckChristiansen1999-11] Michael J Rueck; Niels Christiansen. Northern Songhay languages in Mali and Niger, a sociolinguistic survey. Summer Institute of Linguistics (1999).

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ティチット

歴史

新石器時代

中世

Modern

Vernacular Architecture

Climate

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

関連するトピック

座標

ベルベル語

アラビア語

モーリタニア