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Gross anatomy is the study of anatomy at the visible or macroscopic level.[1][2] It is the counterpart to histology, which studies microscopic anatomy.[1][2] Gross anatomy of the human body or other animals seeks to understand the relationship between components of an organism in order to gain a greater appreciation of the roles of those components and their relationships in maintaining the functions of life. The study of gross anatomy can be performed on deceased organisms using dissection or on living organisms using medical imaging. Education in the gross anatomy of humans includes training for most health professionals.
Gross anatomy is studied using both invasive and noninvasive methods with the goal of obtaining information about the macroscopic structure and organisation of organs and organ systems. Among the most common methods of study is dissection, in which the corpse of an animal or a human cadaver is surgically opened and its organs studied. Endoscopy, in which a video camera-equipped instrument is inserted through a small incision in the subject, may be used to explore the internal organs and other structures of living animals. The anatomy of the circulatory system in a living animal may be studied noninvasively via angiography, a technique in which blood vessels are visualised after being injected with an opaque dye. Other means of study include radiological techniques of imaging, such as X-ray and MRI.
Most health profession schools, such as medical, physician assistant, and dental schools, require that students complete a practical (dissection) course in gross human anatomy. Such courses aim to educate students in advanced fundamental human anatomy and seek to establish anatomical landmarks used to aid medical diagnosis. Most schools provide students with cadavers for investigation by dissection, aided by dissection manuals, as well as cadaveric atlases (e.g. Netter's, Rohen's).
解剖学の授業で遺体と密接に協力することは、患者と医療提供者の関係の本質を捉えることが示されている。[ 3 ]しかし、遺体解剖施設の維持費が高額なため、資金の少ない医科大学では解剖学教育に利用できる時間とリソースが制限されており、代替として解剖標本を用いた教育やシミュレーション教育を採用しているところもある。[ 4 ]これに加えて、拡大する医科大学のカリキュラムの中で解剖学の授業に割かれる時間が減っているため、解剖学教育の十分性について議論が巻き起こっており、新卒医師のほぼ半数が、授業が1学期に凝縮されることが多いため、解剖学教育が不十分だったと考えている。[ 5 ]
医学部では、学生に外科手術の手順を教えるために、画面上の解剖学の授業やチュートリアルを導入している。肉眼解剖と併用した技術的な視覚補助教材の使用は、単一の方法による学習よりも効果的であることが示されている。[ 6 ]オンラインおよび紙媒体のフラッシュカードやクイズ[ 7 ]は、以前から使用されている。