The diplomonads (Greek for "two units")[5] are a group of flagellates, most of which are parasitic. They include Giardia duodenalis, which causes giardiasis in humans.[6] They are placed among the metamonads, and appear to be particularly close relatives of the retortamonads.
Morphology
Most diplomonads are double cells: they have two nuclei, each with several associated flagella, arranged symmetrically about the body's main axis. Like the retortamonads, they lack both mitochondria and Golgi apparatuses. However, they are now known to possess modified mitochondria, in the case of G. duodenalis, called mitosomes. These are not used in ATP synthesis the way mitochondria are, but are involved in the maturation of iron-sulfur proteins.[7]
The extent of sexual reproduction among distinct diplomonad species is under intense research.[8][9]
For example, the common intestinal parasite Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. lamblia, G. intestinalis) was once considered to be a descendant of a protist lineage that predated the emergence of meiosis and biological sex. However, with the advancements in sequencing and omics techniques,[10] and the axenization of various Giardia isolates, it became evident that giardias do not utilize exclusively an asexual (clonal) mode of reproduction.
↑ Cacciò, Simone M.; Sprong, Hein (2010-01-01). "Giardia duodenalis: Genetic recombination and its implications for taxonomy and molecular epidemiology" . Experimental Parasitology . Cryptosporidium and other waterborne protozoa. 124 (1): 107– 112. doi : 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.02.007 . ISSN 0014-4894 .