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Namhansanseong (Korean: 남한산성;Hanja: 南漢山城) is a historic Korean fortress city in Gwangju, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the fortress lies atop the mountain Namhansan and stretches 12 km in length. It served as an emergency capital city during the 1392–1910 Joseon period. The design is based on fortress architecture of East Asia, embodying aspects of four historical cultural styles: Joseon of Korea, the Azuchi-Momoyama Period of Japan, and Ming and Qing China.[1][2]
It was extensively developed during the 16th to 18th centuries, a period of continuous warfare. The technical development of weaponry and armaments during this period, which saw the use of gunpowder imported from Europe, also greatly influenced the architecture and layout of the fortress. Namhansanseong portrays how the various theories of defense mechanisms in Korea were put to form by combining the everyday living environment with defense objectives. The fortress indicates how Buddhism played an influential role in protecting the state, and it became a symbol of sovereignty in Korea.[1][2]
It can be accessed from Seoul through Namhansanseong station of Seoul Subway Line 8.
Namhansanseong now lies atop the mountain Namhansan. This location made it highly defensible; even before the fortress's construction, a number of defensive structures existed in the area. A 2005 archaeological dig found a fortress called Jujangseong that dated to the 57–935 Silla period. During the Goryeo period, a fortification existed in the area that was called "Gwangju Fortress" (광주성;廣州城).[3]
この要塞の建設は、1624年の李克強の乱と1627年の後晋による朝鮮侵攻がきっかけとなった。仁祖王は李洙に建設を命じた。建設には、 8つの道すべてから僧侶の兵士が徴募された。時が経つにつれ、要塞には様々な機能が次々と追加され、最終的には朝鮮で最も設備の整った要塞となった。要塞本体（最外壁を除く）の周囲は7.545 km（4.688マイル）に達した。内部面積は212.6637 ha（525.503 エーカー）であった。[ 3 ]
南漢山城は、戦時中は臨時の首都として、平時には行政の中心地として建設されました。[ 2 ] [ 3 ]王のための臨時の宮殿、軍事施設、一般市民のための宿泊施設がありました。[ 3 ] [ 4 ]約4,000人を収容することができました。[ 4 ]そのため、一部のヨーロッパの城のように一般市民が城壁の外に住まわされるのではなく、一般市民と王の両方が城塞内に住むことが想定されていました。[ 5 ]
この要塞は数々の歴史的出来事に関わってきました。20世紀初頭には、正義軍と日本軍の戦闘が行われた場所でした。1907年、日本軍は朝鮮人にとっての要塞の有用性を低下させるために、要塞の大部分を破壊しました。[ 6 ] 1917年に光州郡庁が移転したため、要塞は町の中心としての機能を失い、[ 7 ]辺鄙な山村へと格下げされました。[ 6 ]その後、1950年から1953年の朝鮮戦争中に、要塞は人口と物的損失に見舞われました。[ 6 ]現在、南漢山城は1970年代以降、大規模な城壁修復が行われ、道立公園に指定されて観光地となっています。1980年代以降、レストランやさまざまな観光施設が劇的に増加しました。 1990年代以降、南漢山城に関する様々な研究に基づき、城塞内の非常宮と王家祖廟が積極的に修復され、2010年に世界遺産暫定リストに登録されました。2014年にはユネスコ世界遺産リストに登録されました。 [ 2 ]
Since the 17th century, Namhansanseong has been managed and preserved by the residents for generations. Most fortress towns in Korea underwent severe deformation and change during Japanese colonial times and the period of industrialization and urbanization, resulting in losing their original layout and forms. However, Namhansanseong retained its original layout because the Japanese colonial government relocated the administrative functions and demolished its military functions in the earlier stage of colonization, leaving it as an isolated mountain village thereafter.
The Namhansanseong World Heritage Centre is responsible for managing and monitoring the cultural heritage of Namhansanseong, while the Namhansanseong Provincial Park Office is responsible for managing and monitoring visitor facilities within Namhansanseong and the provincial park area, in accordance with the 2012 Basic Plan on Comprehensive Improvement of Namhansanseong.[2]
Namhansanseong is protected under the Cultural Heritage Protection Act (CHP Act) and the Natural Park Act on the national level. There are also specific ordinances and regulations at the province and city levels. On the basis of the CHP Act, the entire property is designated as a historic site and has a buffer zone surrounding the area with limitations and regulations on development and construction. The entire heritage and buffer zone is also protected as a Provincial Park covering a wider area. Under these frameworks, a Conservation Management Plan has been established to ensure the long-term protection of the fortress and the town within. A special independent entity called the Namhansanseong World Heritage Centre is responsible for the overall management of its heritage in cooperation with the Namhansanseong Provincial Park Office, the residents, local governments, experts and the central government.
Financial support comes from the national and provincial governments, and the projects are managed and operated by the Namhansanseong World Heritage Centre. A monitoring system controls the appropriate use and execution of financial resources and proposed plans.
The current status of conservation can be evaluated in three components called the military component, the governing component, and the folk component. The military component includes the fortress walls and structures, outer walls, Chimgwaejeong Arsenal, and Buddhist temples. The governing component comprises Jwajeon Shrine, Usil Shrine site, the Emergency Palace, Jwaseungdang Hall and the site of Inhwagwan Guest house. The folk component includes steles, pavilions, and intangible heritage such as rituals and rites. All these subcomponents are recorded and are managed appropriately for the form and type of heritage.
遺跡の保全に対する脅威には、開発圧力、環境圧力、自然災害、リスク対策、観光客圧力、土地利用などがある。南漢山城では、敷地面積と緩衝地帯がCHP法、自然公園法、都市管理計画によって効果的に管理されているため、開発圧力は比較的低い。南漢山城では、観光客圧力が恐らく最大の危険因子である。城郭地域の持続可能な保全のためには、収容能力に関する調査、予想される観光客数の定期的な推定、法的手段を用いた計画メカニズムの活用などの予防措置が必要となる。[ 2 ]
