カラナマック米

カラナマクは、ネパールとインド原産の香り高い米です。その名前は「黒い殻」（カラ＝黒、接尾辞「ナマク」は塩を意味する）を意味します。この品種は、仏教の起源時代（紀元前600年）から栽培されてきました。ネパールのヒマラヤ・タライ地方、特にカピラヴァストゥや、ウッタル・プラデーシュ州東部で人気があり、 「香り高い黒真珠」として知られています。国連食糧農業機関（FAO）発行の書籍『世界の特産米』にも掲載されています。2012年には、インド政府から地理的表示（ GI）の認定を受けました。

この品種の栽培面積は急激に減少しており、絶滅の危機に瀕している。その理由としては、以下のようなものがある。

• 1998年と1999年のイネいもち病の大流行
• 作物の高さが高すぎて倒伏を引き起こす
• 長期収穫（6～7ヶ月）
• 質の悪い種子と研究支援

カラナマクは、カピルヴァストゥとウッタル・プラデーシュ州のタライ地帯（シッダールタナガル、サント・カビール・ナガル、マハラジガンジ、バスティ、ゴンダ、ゴラクプルの各地区を含む）で広く栽培されていた。1990年代までは、この品種はシッダールタナガル地区の稲作面積全体の10%以上を占めていた。しかし、2002年には同地区におけるこの品種の栽培面積は稲作面積全体の0.5%未満にまで減少した。

カラナマク米は仏教時代（紀元前600年）から栽培されてきた。^{[ 1 ]}カピラヴァストゥの発掘調査でカラナマク米が発見された。カピラヴァストゥは、ガウタマ・ブッダの父であるシュッドーダナ王の王国の一部であり、ネパールのテライ地方に位置している。アリガルワの発掘調査中に、カラナマク米に似た炭化した米粒が回収された。

Chinese monk Fa-hien wrote that when Buddha visited Kapilvastu for the first time after attaining 'enlightenment', he was stopped at Mathla village by the people. The villagers asked Siddhartha to give them prasad. Siddhartha took the rice he had taken in alms and gave it to the people, asking them to sow it in a marshy place. The rice thus produced "will have a typical aroma which will always remind people of me," he said. Bajha jungle later vanished replaced by Bajha village near Kapilvastu. Mudila village replaced Mathla. The belt is still believed to run between Bajha and Aligarhwa. This variety, if sown elsewhere, loses its aroma and quality.

The first effort to conserve Kalanamak rice was made by Englishmen William Pepe, J H Hemprey, and Edcan Walker (Jamindars of Alidapur, Birdpur, and Mohana) during the British Raj. They built reservoirs at Bajha, Marthi, Moti, and Majhauli to produce Kalanamak. They produced this variety for their consumption and transported it to England from Uska-bazar mandi, passing through Dhaka (now in Bangladesh). Due to increasing demand, the British captured the land around Kapilvastu and established Birdpur and Alidapur estates. They produced Kalanamak through bonded labor and exported it to Britain. When Gujarati businessmen came to know about this business potential, they formed a mandi at Uska-bazar to export Kalanamak. British "shopkeepers" built a rail route to carry rice via rail to counter them. After independence, Uska-bazar mandi became nonfunctional due to negligence, and reservoirs gathered silt. This led to a fall in production of Kalanamak.^[2]

Kalanamak rice was granted the Geographical Indication (GI) Tag in 2012 by the Government of India. A geographical area was defined where Kalanamak rice can be produced. Kalanamak rice grown only in this area can be labelled as Kalanamak rice.^[3] The GI tag is used for agricultural, natural and manufactured goods.

The geographical area for Kalanamak rice lies between 26° 42′ North to 27° 75′ North Latitude and 81° 42′ to 83° 88′ East Longitude in UP.

Kalanamak Rice is approved for 11 districts of Zone 7 of UP. These 11 districts are located in the divisions of Gorakhpur (Deoria, Gorakhpur, Mahrajganj, Siddharth Nagar districts), Basti (Basti, Sant Kabir Nagar, Siddharth Nagar districts), and Devipatan (Bahraich, Balrampur, Gonda, Shravasti districts).

Kalanamak rice is a non-basmati rice with medium slender grain length. The four varieties of Kalanamak are KN 3, Bauna Kalanamak 101, Bauna Kalanamak 102, and Kalanamak Kiran were developed by Dr. R. C. Chaudhary. The aroma of Kalanamak rice is said to be Buddha's gift. It is stronger than all Basmati varieties. It elongates after cooking, which is one of its most important quality traits.^[4] Cooked kalanamak is softer and fluffier than other rice varieties. Amylose content is close to 20% as compared to 24% and higher in Basmati. High amylose levels tend to make the rice cook firm and dry. Rice with a medium amylose content, between 16% and 22%, usually cooks softer and the grains stick together more readily.

Kalanamak rice is rich in micronutrients such as iron and zinc. It has 11% protein, almost double that of common rice varieties. It has a low Glycemic Index (49% to 52%) making it relatively sugar-free and suitable for diabetics. The government of India came out with its Nutri-Farm scheme in 2013, intending to promote food crops that offer critical micronutrients to improve the nutrition status of the vulnerable section of society. Kalanamak rice was one of the nutri-crop selected for this scheme.

• Chaudhary, R. C. 1979a. Productive mutants in scented rices in Uttar Pradesh. Proc. Symp. Role of Induced Mutations in Crop Improvement. Sept. 10 - 13,1979. BARC - OU Hyderabad, Abs. P.60.
• Chaudhary, R. C. 1979b. Increasing the mutagenic efficiency of EMS in rice. Proc. Symp. Role of Induced Mutations in Crop Improvement. Sept. 10 - 13, 1979. BARC - OU Hyderabad, Abs. P.60.
• Chaudhary, R. C. 2002. Consequences of WTO and Geographic Indicators on economics, production, trend and marketing of speciality rices. Proc. World Rice Commerce 2002 Conference; Beijing, China, 16–18 September 2002; 20 pp
• Chaudhary, R. C. 2005. India the Great Cradle of Rice. In: Rice Landscapes of Life. Eds. A. Ferrero and G. M. Scansetti; Edzioni Mercurio, Torino, Italy; 161 – 175, pp.
• Chaudhary, RC 2009. 東部ウッタル・プラデーシュ州の伝統的な香り米品種を地元消費と輸出向けに促進する見通し。Rice India; Vol. 19(8): 22 -24.
• Chaudhary, RC 2013. インド東部ウッタル・プラデーシュ州における作物の生物多様性の保全と伝統的な米の有機生産の促進。『インドにおける持続可能な開発と生物多様性保全のためのミレニアム目標と伝統的知識』所収。ドイツ、ゲッティンゲンのGA大学およびインド、ニューデリーのJNU; 2013年4月17日～25日。要旨。
• Chaudhary, RC 2014. インド東部における自然保護と栄養安全保障のための伝統的知識の強化。国際知識共有およびサマースクールワークショップ。ドイツDAADとタイのチェンマイ大学主催。要旨。
• Chaudhary, RC および Chauhan, JS 1979. イネの単一遺伝子劣性栄養変異体のアイソザイムパターンに関する注記。Proc. Symp. Role of Induced Mutations in Crop Improvement. 1979年9月10日～13日、BARC -OU ハイデラバード、抄録、pp.  61。
• Chaudhary, RC および Tran DV 2001. 世界の特産米：育種、生産、マーケティング; FAO ローマ、イタリア; 358 ページ。
• Chaudhary, RC および Prajapati, SC 2007. 米の原産地：ウッタル・プラデーシュ州（インド）における米の品種、農業生態系、農民の相互に関連する多様性。In: Agro-Economical traits of Rice Cultivation in Europe and India. Eds. Aldo Ferrero および Francesco Vidotto, EU – ECCP, Edcioni Mercurio, Vercelli, Italy.
• Chaudhary, RC および Mishra, SB 2010. イネ（Oryza sativa L.）の発祥地であるウッタル・プラデーシュ州東部からの貴重なイネ遺伝資源の収集。In: Genetic Resources of Rice in India: Past and Present; Ed. SD Sharma. Today & Tomorrow's Printers、ニューデリー、ページ: 587 - 594。
• Chaudhary, RC; Mishra, SB; および Dubey, DN 2008a. 香り高い米品種 Kalanamak とその品質向上と高収量のための栽培。Rice India、第 18 巻 (8): 23 -2 5
• Chaudhary, RC; Mishra, SB; および Dubey, D. N 2008.b「新しいイネ品種 Kalanamak の栽培」Indian Farming; Vol. (58) No. 6、9 月: 21 – 24。
• Chaudhary, RC; Mishra, SB; および Dubey, D. N 2008c.  : 新しい Kalanamak の香りの良い米品種とその栽培パッケージ (ヒンディー語); Kheti; Vol.61 (6), September: 10 – 12.
• Chaudhary, RC; Pandey, A.; Mishra, SB; Dubey, DN; Chaudhary, P.; および Kumar D. 2010. 東部ウッタル・プラデーシュ州の 7 地区から収集された芳香米。In: 東部ウッタル・プラデーシュ州の芳香米カタログ。Eds. RS Rathor および C. Prasad。UP 農業研究評議会、ラクナウ、pp 180。
• Chaudhary, RC、Gandhe Abhay、SB Mishra 2014。「カラナマク米の有機生産に関する改訂マニュアル（英語とヒンディー語）」。PRDF、ゴラクプル、インド、64ページ。
• Chaudhary, RC; Mishra, SB; Dubey, DN および Chaudhary, P. 2008d. 短粒芳香米 Kalanamak: その輸出可能性。 Commodity Today、第 1 巻 (9): 28 – 29 ページ。
• Chaudhary, R. C.; Prajapati, S. C.; Chaudhary, P.; Anita; and Shukla, A. K. 2007. Diversity in rice, its cultivation and its uses in the area of its origin: Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. In: Geographical Researches on Rice: A Comparative Analysis of Rice Districts in the European Union and India; 165 – 176 pp. In: Geographical Researches on Rice: A Comparative Analysis of Rice Districts in the European Union and India. Editors Davide Papotti and Carlo Brusa; EU – ECCP, Edizioni Mecurio, Vercelli, Italy.
• Chaudhary, R. C.; Mishra, S. B.; Yadav, S. K. and Jabir Ali 2012. Extinction to distinction: Current status of Kalanamak, the heritage rice of eastern Uttar Pradesh and its likely role in farmers’ prosperity. LMA Convention Journal. Vol 8 (1): 7 – 14.
• Chaudhary, R. C.; Mishra, S. B. and Kumar, D. 2013. Organic Farming of Kalanamak rice (in Hindi). Kheti, Vol 66 (1); April 2013; 3 – 6.
• Chaudhary, R. C.; Mishra, S. B. and Gandhe Abhay 2014b. Development of Kalanamak Rice and Technology Transfer to Farmers for Convincing Politicians for Organic Rice and Biofortification of Zinc and Iron through it. International Conference on Scientific Knowledge Transfer into Politics and Society, University of Bonn, Germany. Abs.
• Khan, Suhail 2015. Models of market and marketing linkage for Kalanamak rice. Report submitted to PRDF Gorakhpur (U. P.), pp. 20 (Mimeo).
• Mishra, S. B. and Chaudhary, R. C. 2011. Chlorophyll mutation in M2 as an indicator for recovering useful mutants in rice. Oryza 48 (4): 378 – 379.
• Nanda, J. S.; Chaudhary, R. C.; Singh, J. P.; Singh, H. P.; and Gupta, M. D. 1974. Breeding for quality rice through induced mutation. Proc. Symp. Use of Radiations and Radioisotopes in Studies of Plant Productivity. Pantnagar, April 12–14, 1974. pp. 24–32.
• Yadav, S. K; Chaudhary, R. C.; Kumar, Sunil Kumar and Mishra, S. B. 2019. Breakthrough in Tripling Farmers Income Sustainably by Producing Kalanamak rice. Journal of Agri Search, Vol. 6(1): 1 – 5.