Ethnic plastic surgery

Blepharoplasty is very commonly performed on people of Asian or Pacific island descent living in the United States representing over 11% of all blepharoplasties performed in the United States in 2020.^[4] East Asian blepharoplasty is commonly referred to 'double-eyelid surgery' ^[5] surgeries of the eyelid were the most commonly performed surgeries in both Japan and Taiwan.^[6] People reported as having higher levels of media exposure, lower self-esteem, and negative stereotypes related to eye shape have been shown to have lower rates of post-operative satisfaction.^[7]

Rhinoplasty is commonly performed on African, Asian and Hispanic-descendant individuals in the United States^[8][4] and may be motivated or influenced by western standards of beauty^[9] however, there has been a recent focus on ethnic-conscious rhinoplasties designed to provide desired outcomes while preserving perceived ethnic characteristics,^[10] which has been demonstrated to provide increased patient satisfaction in non-white individuals and a lower rate of surgical complications^[8]graft-associated techniques are commonly instrumented for African or Hispanic descendant individuals.^[11]