オスマン帝国が関与した戦争の一覧

これは、オスマン帝国内の内戦を含む、オスマン帝国が関与した戦争を時系列順に並べたリストです。

オスマン帝国軍の最も初期の形態は、遊牧民のステップ騎兵隊であった。^[1]これは、13世紀後半にオスマン1世によって西アナトリアに居住していたトルコマン族から中央集権化された。オルハン1世は略奪や領地ではなく、給与で支払われる常備軍を組織した。オスマン帝国は14世紀後半に銃を使い始めた。

オスマン帝国は3つのイスラム火薬帝国の最初のものであり、サファヴィー朝ペルシャとムガル帝国インドがそれに続いた。14世紀までに、オスマン帝国は火薬砲を採用した。^[2]スルタン・メフメト2世の時代までに、彼らは火器の訓練を受け、「おそらく世界で最初の火器を装備した常備歩兵部隊」となった。^[3]そのため、イェニチェリは最初の近代常備軍と見なされている。^[4]^[5]

オスマン帝国の古典軍は、メフメト2世によって確立された軍隊組織です。オスマン帝国の古典軍は、その高度な組織力、兵站能力、エリート部隊を主な理由として、当時最も規律が厳しく恐れられた軍隊でした。1世紀に及ぶ改革努力の後、この軍隊は1826年6月15日、スルタン・マフムト2世によって、いわゆる「吉兆の事件」により解散を余儀なくされました。マフムト2世の治世までに、エリートのイェニチェリは腐敗し、近代化の取り組みの障害となり、資産というより負債となっていました。

ライズ（1299–1453）

オスマン帝国の勝利

オスマン帝国の敗北

もう一つの結果

古典時代（1453年～1566年）

変革（1566–1703）

Old Regime (1703–1789)

Decline and modernization (1789–1908)

Dissolution (1908–1922)

Notes

^ The sixteenth century saw only three such large battle: Preveza in 1538, Djerba in 1560 and Lepanto in 1571. These battles were spectacular..[...].Nevertheless, these battles were not really decisive; a galley fleet can be built in a few months and the logistical limitations of galleys prohibit the strategic exploitation of victory.^[127]
^ From 1854
^ a b From 1855
^ Until 1855
^ Until 1854

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^ Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. IB Tauris. p. 202. ISBN 9781845112875. "When the First Balkan War broke out, a majority of Albanians, even habitual rebels such as Isa Boletin, rallied in defense of the din ve devlet ve vatan in order to preserve intact their Albanian lands. Lacking a national organization of their own, Albanians had no choice but to rely on Ottoman institutions, its army, and its government for protection from partition. Both failed them miserably in the face of four invading Balkan armies, and as a result foreign invasion and occupation severed that link between the Albanian Eagle and the Ottoman Crescent."
^ Kondis, Basil (1976). Greece and Albania, 1908–1914. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies. p. 84. ISBN 9798840949085. The Albanian forces fought on the side of Turkey not because they desired a continuance of Turkish rule but because they believed that together with the Turks, they would be able to defend their territory and prevent the partition of "Greater Albania
^ Hall, Richard C. (4 January 2002). The Balkan Wars 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-134-58363-8. Retrieved 19 April 2022. Ottoman regulars supported by Albanian irregulars continued in central and southern Albania even after the signing of the armistice in December 1912
^ Egidio Ivetic, Le guerre balcaniche, il Mulino – Universale Paperbacks, 2006, p. 63
^ a b "Occupation during and after the War (Ottoman Empire) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)". encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net.
^ Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans: Twentieth century. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-521-27459-3.

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さらに読む

オダン、セラダ。「スレッド: オスマン帝国が関与した戦争のリスト」Ummahcom Muslim Forum RSS。Np、nd Web。2015 年 3 月 4 日。
「オスマン帝国が関与した戦争の一覧。」オスマン帝国が関与した戦争の一覧。Np、nd Web。2015 年 3 月 4 日。

[128] The sixteenth century saw only three such large battle: Preveza in 1538, Djerba in 1560 and Lepanto in 1571. These battles were spectacular..[...].Nevertheless, these battles were not really decisive; a galley fleet can be built in a few months and the logistical limitations of galleys prohibit the strategic exploitation of victory.^[127]

[from1854-160] From 1854

[from1855-161] From 1855

[until1855-162] Until 1855

[until1854-163] Until 1854

[Ottomans1-1] Mesut Uyar, Edward J. Erickson, A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk, Pleager Security International, ISBN 978-0-275-98876-0, 2009, p. 1.

[2] Nicolle, David (1980). Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774. Osprey Publishing, ISBN 9780850455113.

[FOOTNOTEStreusand201183-3] Streusand 2011, p. 83.

[4] Lord Kinross (1977). Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. New York: Morrow Quill Paperbacks, 52. ISBN 0-688-08093-6.

[5] Goodwin, Jason (1998). Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire. New York: H. Holt, 59,179–181. ISBN 0-8050-4081-1.

[6] Atsiz, Nihal (2012). Aşıkpaşaoğlu Tarihi. Otuken. p. 31. ISBN 978-9754378689.

[7] Inalcik, Halil. "OSMAN I - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". islamansiklopedisi.org.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2020-12-04.

[8] "Prof. İnalcık: Osmanlı 1302'de kuruldu: Ünlü tarihçi Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık, Osmanlı'nın devlet niteliğini 1302 yılında Yalova'daki Bafeus Zaferi sonrası kazandığını söyledi.", NTVNSMBC, 27 July 2009. (in Turkish)

[9] Bartusis 1997, pp. 91–92; Laiou 2002, p. 25; Nicol 1993, pp. 169–171

[10] Paul K. Davis, 100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The World's Major Battles and How They Shaped History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 151.

[11] A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Treadgold, W., Stanford Press, 1997

[12] Battles of Poland: Varna (1443–1444), Kosovo (1448), Vaslui (1475), Mohács (1526)

[13] Battles of Lithuania: Golubac (1428), Varna (1443–1444), Vaslui (1475)

[14] Battles of HRE: Nicopolis (1396), Mohács (1526)

[15] Battles of Papal States: Otranto (1480–1481), Nicopolis (1396), Mohács (1526)

[16] Battles of Aragon: Otranto (1480–1481), Nicopolis (1396)

[17] Battles of Naples: Otranto (1480–1481)

[18] Battles of Venice: Nicopolis (1396)

[19] Battles of Genoa: Nicopolis (1396)

[20] Battles of Bulgaria: Nicopolis

[21] Battles of France: Nicopolis (1396)

[22] Battles of Knights of Rhodes: Nicopolis (1396)

[23] Battles of Bosnia: Nicopolis (1396)

[24] Battles of Savoy: Nicopolis (1396)

[25] Battles of England: Nicopolis (1396)

[26] Battles of Teutonic Order: Nicopolis (1396), Varna (1443–1444)

[27] Battles of Byzantium: Nicopolis (1396)

[28] Battles of Castile: Nicopolis (1396)

[29] Battles of Portugal: Nicopolis (1396)

[30] Battles of Navarre: Nicopolis (1396)

[31] Sedlar, Jean W., East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500, (University of Washington Press, 1994), 385.

[Treadgold780-32] Treadgold (1997), p. 780

[prosveta-33] "20. The Decline of the Second Bulgarian Empire" (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.

[34] Sedlar, Jean W. East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500, University of Washington Press, p. 385

[Jovetić1985-35] Jovetić, Jovan (1985). Odjeci Srpske prošlosti: eseji, govori, polemike. Jovan Jovetić. p. 29.

[FOOTNOTEFine1994390-36] Fine 1994, p. 390.

[Pitcher1968-37] Pitcher, Donald Edgar (1968). An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century. Brill Archive. p. 45. GGKEY:4CFA3RCNXRP.

[Gibbons2013-38] Gibbons, Herbert Adam (21 August 2013). The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire: A History of the Osmanlis Up To the Death of Bayezid I 1300-1403. Routledge. p. 159. ISBN 978-1-135-02982-1.

[fine410-39] (Fine 1994, p. 410)
Thus since the Turks also withdrew, one can conclude that the battle was a draw.

[emmert-40] (Emmert 1990, p. ?)
Surprisingly enough, it is not even possible to know with certainty from the extant contemporary material whether one or the other side was victorious on the field. There is certainly little to indicate that it was a great Serbian defeat; and the earliest reports of the conflict suggest, on the contrary, that the Christian forces had won.

[41] Daniel Waley; Peter Denley (2013). Later Medieval Europe: 1250–1520. Routledge. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-317-89018-8. The outcome of the battle itself was inconclusive.

[42] Ian Oliver (2005). War and Peace in the Balkans: The Diplomacy of Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia. I.B.Tauris. p. vii. ISBN 978-1-85043-889-2. Losses on both sides were appalling and the outcome inconclusive although the Serbs never fully recovered.

[43] John Binns (2002). An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches. Cambridge University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-521-66738-8. The battle is remembered as a heroic defeat, but historical evidence suggests an inconclusive draw.

[Cox-30-44] John K. Cox (2002). The History of Serbia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-313-31290-8. The Ottoman army probably numbered between 30,000 and 40,000. They faced something like 15,000 to 25,000 Eastern Orthodox soldiers. [...] Accounts from the period after the battle depict the engagement at Kosovo as anything from a draw to a Christian victory.

[45] Heike Krieger (2001). The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974–1999. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-521-80071-4. Discussions of the Kosovo conflict often start with the battle of Kosovo Polje (the Field of Blackbirds) in 1389 when the Serbs were defeated by the Ottoman Empire

[46] Michael Waller; Kyril Drezov; Bülent Gökay (2013). Kosovo:The Politics of Delusion. Routledge. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-7146-5157-6. 1389: A Serbian-led Christian army (including Albanians) suffers a catastrophic defeat by Ottoman forces at the Battle of Kosovo.

[47] Petar V. Grujic (2014). Kosovo Knot. RoseDog Books. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4809-9845-2. In the epic battle of Kosovo Polje, just west from present-day Pristina, Serb grand duke (knez) Lazar Hrebeljanovic, who led the joined Christian forces, lost the battle (and life) to Turkish sultan Murad I

[48] Tonny Brems Knudsen; Carsten Bagge Laustsen (2006). Kosovo between war and peace. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 0-714-65598-8. The highpoint of this conflict, the Battle of Kosovo Polje, ended in Serbian defeat and the death of Prince Lazar, beheaded by the Turks

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[FOOTNOTEFine1994575-50] Fine 1994, p. 575.

[FOOTNOTEFine1994355-51] Fine 1994, p. 355.

[Late-52] Fine 1994, p. 424

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[FOOTNOTEBaştav198991-57] Baştav 1989, p. 91.

[58] Dahmus, Joseph Henry (1983). "Angora". Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages. Burnham Incorporated Pub.

[Madgearu90-59] Alexandru Madgearu, The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins, ed. Martin Gordon, (Scarecrow Press, 2008), 90.

[Hunyadi-60] The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of Latin Christianity; Zsolt Hunyadi page 226

[61] Valeriia Fol, Bulgaria: History Retold in Brief, (Riga, 1999), 103.

[62] Siege of Damascus (1400)

[63] Timurid invasions of Georgia

[64] Siege of Smyrna

[FOOTNOTEPurković197869-65] Purković 1978, p. 69.

[66] Purković 1978, p. 69, Ruvarac 1879, p. 190

[FOOTNOTEPurković197869–70-67] Purković 1978, pp. 69–70.

[Tuchman548-68] Tuchman, 548

[FOOTNOTEĆirković2004104-69] Ćirković 2004, p. 104.

[SettonHazard1990-70] Setton, Kenneth M.; Hazard, Harry W.; Zacour, Norman P. (1 June 1990). A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-299-10744-4. The Ottoman conquest of Novo Brdo, a center of silver production, took place on June 27, 1441; see JireSek, Geschichte der Serben, II, 178.

[VMJNA-1957-223-71] Vojni muzej JNA (1957). Vesnik. Belgrade. p. 223.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[72] Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time, (Princeton University Press, 1978), 110.

[73] İnalcık, Halil (2010). Kuruluş Dönemi Osmanlı Sultanları (1302-1481). İsam Yayınları. p. 194. ISBN 9789753898997.

[74] Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero by Harry Hodgkinson, page 134

[p.148-75] Florescu, McNally, Dracula, p. 148

[Mehmed207-76] Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror, p. 207

[77] The Encyclopedia of World History (2001) – Venice Archived 2007-07-05 at the Wayback Machine The great war against the Turks (See 1463–79). Negroponte was lost (1470). The Turks throughout maintained the upper hand and at times raided to the very outskirts of Venice. In the Treaty of Constantinople (1479), the Venetians gave up Scutari and other Albanian stations, as well as Negroponte and Lemnos. Thenceforth the Venetians paid an annual tribute for permission to trade in the Black Sea.

[Villar251-78] Villari (1904), p. 251

[79] Somel, Selçuk Akşin, Historical dictionary of the Ottoman Empire, (Scarecrow Press Inc., 2003), xc.

[FOOTNOTEKármánKunčevic2013266-80] Kármán & Kunčevic 2013, p. 266.

[Mikaberidze215-81] '^ Battle of Breadfield (1479), Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 215.

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