抽象論理Lのレーヴェンハイム・スコレム数は、文の集合T ⊆ L がモデルを持つ場合、そのモデルのサイズがmax(| T |, κ )以下となる最小の基数κである。
The Löwenheim–Skolem–Tarski number of L is the smallest cardinal such that if A is any structure for L there is an elementary substructure of A of size no more than κ. This requires that the logic have a suitable notion of "elementary substructure", for example by using the normal definition of a "structure" from predicate logic.
For any logic for which the numbers exist, the Löwenheim–Skolem–Tarski number will be no less than the Löwenheim–Skolem number, which in turn will be no less than the Löwenheim number.
Note that versions of these definitions replacing "has a model of size no larger than" with "has a model smaller than" are sometimes used, as this yields a more fine-grained classification.[2]
Examples
The Löwenheim–Skolem theorem shows that the Löwenheim–Skolem–Tarski number of first-order logic (with countable signatures) is ℵ0. This means, in particular, that if a sentence of first-order logic is satisfiable, then the sentence is satisfiable in a countable model.
It is known that the Löwenheim–Skolem number of second-order logic is larger than the first measurable cardinal, if there is a measurable cardinal.[2] (And the same holds for its Hanf number.) The Löwenheim number of the universal (fragment of) second-order logic however is less than the first supercompact cardinal (assuming it exists).
The Löwenheim–Skolem–Tarski number of second-order logic is the supremum of all ordinals definable by a formula.[3]Corollary 4.7
↑J. Väänänen, Sort logic and foundations of mathematics. In Infinity and Truth, Lecture Notes Series of the Institute for Mathematical Sciences of the National University of Singapore, vol. 25 (2014), World Scientific, pp.171--186.
References
Menachem Magidor and Jouko Väänänen. "On Löwenheim-Skolem-Tarski numbers for extensions of first order logic", Report No. 15 (2009/2010) of the Mittag-Leffler Institute.
Yi Zhang Logic and algebra 2002. ISBN0-8218-2984-X