カリケス

反乱の原因は、詳細がほとんど記されていない同時代の資料からは不明である。^{[ 1 ]}

フェルディナンド・チャランドンとジュディス・ヘリンは、どちらもアレクシオス1世の財政政策に対する税金反乱だったと考えている。ヘリンはラプソマテスの反乱にも同じ動機があったとし、どちらもビザンツ帝国とスミルナのアミール、ツァカスとの戦争に乗じて起こったのではないかと推測している。彼女は反乱軍がアミールと共謀していた可能性さえ示唆している。ディミトリス・ツガラキスは、カリケスは民衆反乱というより軍事クーデターの指導者のように見えると主張している。確かに彼は中央政府の軍事対応に耐えられるほどの民衆の支持を得ておらず、これは広範な税金反乱とは一致しない。^{[ 1 ]}また、政府軍にしばらくの間抵抗したキプロスの反乱とは対照的である。^{[ 3 ]}

クレタ島とキプロス島での反乱は、おそらく独立したものであったが、アンナ・コムネナとゾナラスの著作、そしてヨハネス・オクシテスの演説では共に言及されている。中央政府がペチェネグ族とトルコ人との戦いに専念していたため、クレタ島とキプロス島の地方総督はコンスタンティノープルに反抗して自力で防衛せざるを得なかったのかもしれない。^{[ 4 ]}

That Karykes was the governor of Crete—bearing the title doux or katepano^[5]—is almost certain, although the sources leave open the possibility that he came from elsewhere and seized control of Crete. His revolt began in late 1090 or early 1091, since the basilikos logos of John the Oxite addressed to Alexios I and dated to February or March 1091 refers to the rebellions in Crete and Cyprus as ongoing.^[1] This was shortly before Alexios' victory over the Pechenegs at Levounion in April.^[6]

For a time, Karykes succeeded in imposing his rule on the island in defiance of imperial authority. In 1092 or 1093, Alexios I sent a fleet under megas douxJoannes Doukas to suppress the revolt. There are conflicting accounts of Doukas' movements. According to the Life of Saint Meletios the Younger, Doukas visited Euboea first, where he learned that the Cretans had risen up and killed Karykes. He then proceeded to the island, where he peacefully reestablished imperial government and left behind garrisons. There is a letter of Theophylact of Ohrid addressed to Doukas at Chalkis that may date from this time, which would lend support to the account in the Life. According to Anna Komnene, it was only when Doukas arrived on the island of Karpathos off the coast of Crete that the Cretans killed Karykes and surrendered to Doukas without resistance. She places Doukas' expedition immediately after his defeat of the emir of Smyrna. This suggests that it took place in the summer or fall of 1092.^[1] The Life of Meletios has Doukas departing Chalkis in the spring, however, which is more consistent with the spring of 1093.^[6] An inscription at Didyma commemorating the restoration of the fort of Hieron was linked by Helene Ahrweiler to Doukas' expedition against Crete, since Hieron was a traditional setting off point for Crete and Cyprus, but her reading is not widely accepted.^[7]