The human body contains two inactive forms of HL. One inactive form is found on the liver bound to HSPG (heparin sulfate proteoglycans) and the second inactive form is found in the blood bound to HDL, inactivated by the proteins on the surface of the lipoprotein. The activation of HL occurs in two steps. First, HDL that makes its way to the liver, binds to HL thereby removing the heparan sulfate proteoglycan and freeing up the hepatic lipase into the bloodstream, but HL is still inactive due to the proteins on the surface of the lipoprotein. Second, HDL unbinds from HL to activate HL enzymes in the blood.[6]
HDL has been found to be regulated by electrostatic interactions with lipoproteins such as HDL. When HDL takes up free fatty acids from cells to prevent plaque build-up, it begins to increase its overall negative charge and instead stimulates HL to catalysis the triacylglycerides inside of VLDL (very low density lipoprotein). This is because the build-up of negative charge in HDL inhibits binding, but will allow HL to catalyze other lipoproteins. Other lipoproteins, such as ApoE, works in a similar way by inhibiting binding of HL and HDL but will allow HL to catalyze other lipoproteins.[8]
Other factors that contribute the regulation of HL are due to sex differences between women and men. It has been shown that women contain lower levels of ApoE along with an increased amount of free HL enzymes in their circulatory system when compared to men. The production of estrogen in women is also believed to reduce the activity of HL by serving as an inhibitor of gene transcription.[7]
Secretion of HDL from the liver into the circulatory system regulates the release of HL into the body's bloodstream. This is because factors that increase the release of HDL (such as fasting, leading to low levels of HDL) increases the amount of HL bound to HDL and released into the bloodstream. Another lipoprotein, ApoA-I, which increases release of HDL was shown to have a similar effect by mutating the gene that coded it. Mutated ApoA-I protein caused a decrease in HL release and thus decreased the amount of HL bound to HDL and released into the bloodstream.[7]
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