A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances. Interglacials, on the other hand, are periods of warmer climate between glacial periods. The Last Glacial Period ended about 15,000 years ago.[1] The Holocene is the current interglacial. A time with no glaciers on Earth is considered a greenhouse climate state.[2][3][4]
Quaternary Period
Glacial and interglacial cycles as represented by atmospheric CO2, measured from ice core samples going back 800,000 years. The stage names are part of the North American and the European Alpine subdivisions. The correlation between both subdivisions is tentative.
Within the Quaternary, which started about 2.6 million years before present, there have been a number of glacials and interglacials.[5] At least eight glacial cycles have occurred in the last 740,000 years alone.[6] Changes in atmospheric CO2 and associated radiative forcing were among the primary drivers of globally cold glacial and warm interglacial climates,[7] with changes in ocean physical circulation, biological productivity and seawater acid-base chemistry likely causing most of the recorded CO2 changes.[8]
Penultimate Glacial Period
The Penultimate Glacial Period (PGP) is the glacial period that occurred before the Last Glacial Period. It began about 194,000 years ago and ended 135,000 years ago, with the beginning of the Eemian interglacial.[9]
12J. Severinghaus; E. Brook (1999). "Abrupt Climate Change at the End of the Last Glacial Period Inferred from Trapped Air in Polar Ice". Science. 286 (5441): 930–4. doi:10.1126/science.286.5441.930. PMID10542141.
↑Bralower, T.J.; Premoli Silva, I.; Malone, M.J. (2006). Bralower, T.J; Premoli Silva, I; Malone, M.J (eds.). "Leg 198 Synthesis: A Remarkable 120-m.y. Record of Climate and Oceanography from Shatsky Rise, Northwest Pacific Ocean". Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. Initial Reports. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program. 198. Proceedings of the Ocean drilling program.: 47. doi:10.2973/odp.proc.ir.198.2002. ISSN1096-2158. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
↑Christopher M. Fedo; Grant M. Young; H. Wayne Nesbitt (1997). "Paleoclimatic control on the composition of the Paleoproterozoic Serpent Formation, Huronian Supergroup, Canada: a greenhouse to icehouse transition". Precambrian Research. 86 (3–4). Elsevier: 201. Bibcode:1997PreR...86..201F. doi:10.1016/S0301-9268(97)00049-1.
↑Miriam E. Katz; Kenneth G. Miller; James D. Wright; Bridget S. Wade; James V. Browning; Benjamin S. Cramer; Yair Rosenthal (2008). "Stepwise transition from the Eocene greenhouse to the Oligocene icehouse". Nature Geoscience. 1 (5). Nature: 329. Bibcode:2008NatGe...1..329K. doi:10.1038/ngeo179.
↑Gibbard, P.; van Kolfschoten, T. (2004). "Chapter 22: The Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs"(PDF). In Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, James G.; Smith, A. Gilbert (eds.). A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-78142-8.
↑Augustin, Laurent; etal. (2004). "Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core". Nature. 429 (6992): 623–8. Bibcode:2004Natur.429..623A. doi:10.1038/nature02599. PMID15190344.