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ライヒェナウ用語集は、8世紀にフランス北部で地元の聖職者がウルガタ聖書に出てくる特定の単語や表現を理解するのを助けるために編纂されたラテン 語の注釈集である。[1]
背景
ヒエロニムスの聖書翻訳（382年頃 - 405年）は、ラテン語がロマンス語へと進化する過程でさまざまな文法、語彙、音韻の変化を経験し、何世紀にもわたって初心者聖職者にとって読みにくくなっていました。解釈を容易にするために、筆写者は用語集をまとめたり、ウルガタ聖書にある単語やフレーズの説明を集めたりしました。[2]注釈として使用される単語はロマンス語で生き残る運命にある単語である傾向があり、[3]注釈が必要な単語は一般的に生き残りませんでした。[i]
現在ライヒェナウ用語集として知られているものは、8世紀頃にピカルディ地方のコルビー修道院で編纂された。そこから最終的に南ドイツのライヒェナウ修道院に渡り、1863年に言語学者アドルフ・ホッツマンによって発見された。[4]
選ばれたエントリー
See also
- Appendix Probi
- Proto-Romance language
- Lexical changes from Classical Latin to Proto-Romance
- Phonological changes from Classical Latin to Proto-Romance
Notes
- ^ Read: abeo.
- ^ Read: abietarii.
- ^ Read: absinthio.
- ^ Read: aeramen.
- ^ Read: siluaticus porcus.
- ^ Read: calumniam.
- ^ Read: castro.
- ^ Read: caementarii.
- ^ Read: caementariis.
- ^ Read: caesis.
- ^ Read: cliuum.
- ^ Read: collyridam.
- ^ Read: crabrones.
- ^ Read: cribro.
- ^ Read: minata.
- ^ Read: pharetra.
- ^ Read: cingulum.
- ^ Read: sufflare.
- ^ Read: plangitur.
- ^ Read: furentur.
- ^ Read: habenas.
- ^ Read: harundine.
- ^ Read: hebetatum.
- ^ Read: hyacinthinas.
- ^ Read: labrum.
- ^ Read: concha.
- ^ Read: tegularum.
- ^ Read: caldaria.
- ^ Read: laeua.
- ^ Read: faecis.
- ^ Read: praestare.
- ^ Read: papula.
- ^ Read: uesica.
- ^ Read: perhibet.
- ^ Read: polenta.
- ^ Read: iuncturae geniculorum.
- ^ Read: malus clauus.
- ^ Read: linteolo.
- ^ Read: sortilegus.
- ^ Read: fimus.
- ^ Read: taedet.
- ^ Read: tero.
- ^ Read: theristrum.
- ^ Read: thorax.
- ^ Read: transtrum.
- ^ Read: thuribulum.
- ^ Read: turmas.
- ^ Read: caluas sorices.
- ^ Nevertheless, the latter sometimes do survive in other branches of Romance- or even in French itself but with altered meanings.
- ^ Clearly borrowed words are not counted as descendants. This excludes, for instance, the Italian words formaggio 'cheese' and pallio 'cloak', which were taken from Old French and Latin respectively.
List of abbreviations:
PR. — Proto-Romance
Pic. — Picard
Wal. — Walloon
Fr. — French (central)
Lim. — Limousin
Prv. — Provençal
Gsc. — Gascon
OOcc. — Old Occitan
Occ. — Occitan (central)
OCat. — Old Catalan
Cat. — Catalan (central)
Rib. — Ribagorçan
Ara. — Aragonese (northern)
OSp. — Old Spanish
Sp. — Spanish (central)
Ast. — Asturian
Glc. — Galician
OPt. — Old Portuguese
Pt. — Portuguese (central)
Lig. — Ligurian
Pie. — Piedmontese
Lmb. — Lombard (Milanese)
Rms. — Romansh
Lad. — Ladin
Vnz. — Venetian
Frl. — Friulan
Vgl. — Vegliote
Tsc. — Tuscan
OIt. — Old Italian
It. — Italian
Nap. — Neapolitan
Sic. — Sicilian
Srd. — Sardinian (Nuorese)
Ro. — Romanian
ARo. — Aromanian
IRo. — Istro-Romanian - ^ With the additional prefix con-. Note that abs- is simply a variant of ab-.
- ^ Conceivably a direct descendant of the original CL participle absconditus.
- ^ The [i̯s] ending is of uncertain origin. It may have been taken from *trasjo < Classical Latin transeo 'I cross' (Pope 1934: 362). The resulting *vau̯sjo would then yield vois by regular developments.
- ^ Old Spanish had the expected form [βo]. The origin of the later [i̯] is debated. It may either reflect OSp. y 'there' or be the result of contamination from the following pronoun in the phrase vo-yo 'I go' (Lloyd 1987: 355–358).
- ^ Compounded with /ˈpɔɾku/ 'pig'.
- ^ /s/ is a remnant of the Latin prefix ex- (Dexonline: "schimb").
- ^ Initial consonant probably taken from Latin perdix, 'partridge' (Dexonline: "potârniche").
- ^ In the Sursilvan dialect, masculine singular -s survives as a predicative ending in adjectives. E.g. il paun ei cars 'the bread is expensive' (Loporcaro 2018: 76–77).
- ^ With an early change in suffix from -ia to -ía (Malkiel 1944: 108).
- ^ Nasalization possibly by contamination with não (=Lat. non), meaning 'no' (Williams 1962: 108).
- ^ Still refers to a measure of land in some dialects (TLFi: "journal").
- ^ Alteration of the Latin [sɪnɪstra] by analogy with [dɛkstra] 'right' (Lausberg 1970: §139).
- ^ Word-initial /m/ often nasalizes a following vowel in modern Portuguese (Williams 1962: 62).
- ^ Nasalization came from an /n/ that was added in Middle French under the influence of CL monstrare (TLFi: "montrer").
- ^ The substitution of /p/ for intervocalic /v/ may be a phonoaesthetic change inspired by onomatopoeia for the flapping of a butterfly's wings (TLFi: "papillon").
- ^ Was a homophone for 'key' (=Lat. clavem) in Old Occitan (Levy 1923: 78), a problem that was eventually solved by substituting the diminutive [klaβɛ́l] as the term for 'nail'.
- ^ A verb based on the noun biastemmia, from Latin blasphemia. The modern form of the verb, bestemmiare, was possibly influenced by bestia 'animal' (Treccani: "bestemmiare").
- ^ Towards the thirteen century, the initial vowel of this verb could be either [a] or [ɛ] depending on stress. Consider the following examples:
Pr. /ˈamat/ 'he loves' > OFr. /ˈai̯məθ/ > /ˈɛmə/
Pr. /aˈmata/ 'beloved' > OFr. /aˈme:ðə/ > /aˈmeə/
Subsequently /ɛ/ spread to all conjugations, resulting in modern French /ɛme/ 'beloved' instead of */ame/ (Akire & Rosen 2010: 115). - ^ It did, however, mean 'sword' in Old Franco-Provençal (TLFi: "glaive").
- ^ Modern despojaron via substitution of the prefix.
- ^ In Modern Italian redine has been reinterpreted as a singular noun (albeit still feminine) with a new analogical plural redini (Treccani: "redine").
- ^ A compound based on iecor + -aria, originally an adjective-forming suffix but here serving merely as an extender.
- ^ Modern chiodo appears to have been influenced by words like chiudere 'shut'.
- ^ Feminine form of the adjective, found spelled as sode. The masculine form *sot is unattested.
- ^ Today found only in the expression de sobte.
- ^ There is a single attestation of the participle envengud in Old French. The word is otherwise nowhere to be found.
- ^ There is a single attestation of the participle envengud in Old French. The word is otherwise nowhere to be found.
- ^ The reason for the initial consonant devoicing to /f/ is unclear.
- ^ The expected outcome would have been /ʁɛm/. The modern form appears to have taken its initial vowel from the original diminutive rameau, where the /a/ was unstressed and hence did not change to /ɛ/ (TLFi: "rame").
- ^ Modern Italian nuotare, with the extension of the /wɔ/ diphthong from rhizotonic conjugations such as nuoto to all other forms of the verb.[27]
- ^ Diminutive of ueru. Geminate r taken from ferru(m) 'iron' (Malkiel 1983: 474).
- ^ Back-formation from OFr. plural /veˈrus/ < earlier /veˈruʎts/ (TLFi: "verrou"). The expected outcome of the singular /veˈroʎ/ would have been */vɛʁuj/, cf. fenouil < *fenúclu.
- ^ Old Portuguese had the expected form /veˈroʎo/, which later acquired an initial /f/ by analogy with ferro 'iron'. (This happened to the Provençal and Catalan cognates as well.) Similarly, Old Spanish had /βeˈroʒo/, which later acquired the initial consonant of cerrar, meaning 'shut' (Malkiel 1983: 474).
References
- ^ Engels 1968
- ^ Elcock 1960: 311–312
- ^ Alkire & Rosen 2010: 319
- ^ Quiros 1986: 43
- ^ Adams 2008: 333
- ^ Pei 1941: 150.
- ^ Marchot 1901: 75
- ^ Alkire & Rosen: 62–63
- ^ TLFi: "viande"
- ^ Adams 2007: 611
- ^ Rossi 2004: 144
- ^ A prominent phenomenon in spoken Latin, as pointed out by Grandgent (1907: §292). Cf. the form criblare.
- ^ Levy 1923: 26
- ^ Levy 1923: 137
- ^ Alkire & Rosen: 176–177
- ^ Adams 2007: 315
- ^ Posner 1996: 14
- ^ Grandgent 1907: 21–22
- ^ Elcock 1960: 71
- ^ Levy 1923: 45
- ^ Levy 1923: 370
- ^ Levy 1923: 173
- ^ Andersen & Rochet 1979: 267
- ^ Jensen 1986: 3
- ^ Alkire & Rosen 2010: 320
- ^ Alkire & Rosen 2010: 320
- ^ Alkire & Rosen 2010: 113
- ^ TLFi: "darne"
- ^ Levy 1923: 6
Sources
- General
- Adams, James Noel (2007). The regional diversification of Latin, 200BC - AD 600. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88149-4.
- Alkire, Ti; Rosen, Carol (2010). Romance languages: A historical introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88915-5.
- Anderson, James Maxwell; Rochet, Bernard (1979). Historical Romance Morphology. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International. ISBN 978-0835704625.
- Diez, Friedrich Christian (1870). Anciens glossaires romans corrigés et expliqués. Translated by Bauer, Alfred. Paris. OCLC 4070810.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Elcock, William Dennis (1960). The Romance languages. London: Faber and Faber.
- Engels, J. (1968). "Les 'Gloses de Reichenau' réédités". Neophilologus. 52: 378–386. doi:10.1007/BF01515488. S2CID 163995291.
- Hall, Robert Anderson (1981). Proto-Romance morphology. Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
- Jensen, Frede (1972). From Vulgar Latin to Old Provençal. University of North Carolina Press.
- Jensen, Frede (1986). The syntax of medieval Occitan. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
- Jensen, Frede (1990). Old French and comparative Gallo-Romance syntax. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
- Lausberg, Heinrich (1970). Lingüística románica. Vol. I: Fonética. Madrid: Gredos.
- レヴィ、エミール (1923)。プロヴァンス・フランスのプチ辞書。ハイデルベルク：冬。
- ロイド、ポール・M（1987）。『ラテン語からスペイン語へ』フィラデルフィア：アメリカ哲学協会。
- ロポルカロ、ミケーレ（2018）。『ラテン語からロマンス語までのジェンダー』オックスフォード大学出版局。
- ヤコフ・マルキール（1944年）。 「ポルトガルのイグアリアの語源」。言語。20 (3): 108–130。土井:10.2307/410151。JSTOR 410151。
- マルキール、ヤコフ（1983年）。『特殊言語学から一般言語学へ：選集1965-1978』アムステルダム：ジョン・ベンジャミンズ。
- マイヤー・リューブケ、ヴィルヘルム（1911年）。Romanisches の語源 Wörterbuch。ハイデルベルク：C. 冬。
- ポール・マルコット（1901年）。Petite phonétique du français prélittéraire: VIe–Xe siècles。フリブール: B. Veith。
- ペイ、マリオ（1941年）。『イタリア語』ニューヨーク：コロンビア大学出版局。
- ポープ、ミルドレッド K. (1934)。ラテン語からフランス語へ、特にアングロノルマン語を考慮。マンチェスター大学出版局。
- ポズナー、レベッカ（1996年）。ロマンス語。ケンブリッジ大学出版局。
- マヌエル・キロス (1986)。 「ライヒェナウの輝き」。Filología と Lingüística。12：43～ 50。
- ロッシ、マリオ (2004)。ブリオネの語源と民族学の辞書。パリ：出版本。
- ウィリアムズ、エドウィン・ブッチャー（1962年）。『ラテン語からポルトガル語へ』フィラデルフィア：ペンシルバニア大学出版局。
- オンライン語源辞典
- デキソンライン（https://dexonline.ro/）
- オンライン語源辞典(http://etymonline.com/)
- フランス語情報トレゾール(http://www.atilf.fr/tlfi)
- トレッカーニ(https://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/)
外部リンク
- バーデン州立図書館所蔵の原稿のスキャン。