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東恩納寛量（ひがおんなかんりょう、1853年3月10日- 1915年10月）は、従兄弟と区別するために東恩納西と呼ばれることもある琉球の武術家で、当時那覇手として知られる格闘スタイルを創始した。彼は、中国の福州地方で福建白鶴 拳の達人である龍龍光の最初の弟子の一人として認められており、その技術を沖縄に持ち帰った。彼の弟子である宮城長順は、後に剛柔流空手を創始した。[ 2 ]
比嘉onnaは那覇市西村[ 1 ]で商人の家に生まれた。一家は沖縄北部に商品を売り、那覇に薪を輸送する商売をしていた。琉球諸島では薪は高価な商品だった。彼の家族は竹舜民と呼ばれる下層士族に属していた。
彼の姓（東恩納）は、沖縄方言では「ひがおんな」 、日本語では「ひがしおんな」と発音される。西洋の記事では、この2つの綴りがしばしば interchangeably（互換的に）使用される。彼には、東村に住んでいた5歳年上の親戚、ひがおんな勘龍がおり、「東ひがしおんな」として知られていた。[ 1 ]
1867年、比嘉onnaは流暢な中国語を話し、琉球宮廷の通訳を務めていた新垣辻白鎮清正から拳法を学び始めた。 [ 1 ]当時は空手という言葉は一般的ではなく、武術は単に「手」と呼ばれ、時にはその起源の地域名を冠して、Nafaa-Ti、Shui-Ti、あるいは単にUchinaa-Tiと呼ばれることもあった。
1870年9月、吉村魯聰長明（阿治氏または王子）の助けを借りて、比嘉onnaは沖縄の役人の通訳として北京に行くという口実で福州へ旅行するために必要な旅行許可を得た。1873年3月に彼が中国の福建省の福州へ船で向かったことを示す記録がある。[ 1 ]ただし、宮城長順が伝えた記録では1870年に出発したとされているため、これは後の福州への旅だった可能性がある。
Aragaki had given Higaonna an introduction to the martial arts master Kojo Taitei whose dojo was in Fuzhou.[1] Higaonna spent his time studying with various teachers of the Chinese martial arts, the first four years he probably studied with Wai Xinxian, Kojo Tatai and or Iwah at the Kojo Dojo. Kanryo then trained under a man referred to as Ryū Ryū Ko, but his name was never recorded as Kanryo Higaonna was illiterate. According to oral account,[3] Kanryo spent years doing household chores for master Ryū Ryū Ko, until he saved his daughter from drowning during a heavy flood and begged the master to teach Kung Fu as a reward. Higaonna learned 4 kata whilst studying in China; Sanchin, Seisan, Sanseru, Bechurin (a cousin form of Suparinpei).
In the 1880s, after Ryūkyū was annexed by Japan, Kanryo returned to Okinawa and continued the family business. He also began to teach the martial arts in and around Naha. He began by teaching the sons of Yoshimura Udun Chomei. His style was distinguished by its integration of both go-no (hard) and ju-no (soft) techniques in one system. He became so prominent that the name "Naha-te" became identified with Higaonna Kanryo's system. He travelled to China several times thereafter. His last visit was in 1898 when he escorted Yoshimura Chomei and two of his sons to Fuzhou. History records that they were blown off-course to Zhejiang and travelled by land to Fuzhou with an escort provided by the local Zhejiang authorities.
Higaonna's most famous students were Chojun Miyagi who founded the Goju ryu school of Karate and Kyoda Juhatsu who founded Touon ryu, a lesser known sister school of Goju ryu which preserved 3 out of 4 of Higaonna's kata.
He began to teach Naha-te to the public in 1905 in the Naha Commercial School.
Kanryo was noted for his powerful Sanchinkata, or form. Students reported that the wooden floor would be hot from the gripping of his feet.
Several of Kanryo's students went on to become influential masters of what came to be called karate, amongst them Chōjun Miyagi, Kyoda Juhatsu, Kenwa Mabuni, Koki Shiroma, Higa Seiko, Tsuyoshi Chitose and Shiroma Shinpan (Gusukuma).