Terêna language

Terêna or Etelena is an Arawakan language spoken by 15,000 Terenas. The language has a dictionary and written grammar.^[2] Many Terena people have low Portuguese proficiency. It is spoken in Mato Grosso do Sul. About 20% are literate in their language, 80% literate in Portuguese.

Terêna has an active–stative syntax^[3] and verb-object-subject as default word order.^[4]

Dialects

Terêna originally had four varieties: Kinikinao, Terena proper, Guaná, and Chané. These varieties have sometimes been considered to be separate languages.^[3] Carvalho (2016) has since demonstrated all four to be the same language.^[5] Only Terena proper is still spoken.

Language contact

Terena originated in the Northwestern Chaco.^[6] As a result, many Northern Guaicuruan loanwords can be found in Terena.^[7]

There are also many Tupi-Guarani loanwords in Terena and other southern Arawakan languages.^[8]

Phonology

Consonants

/w,ʃ,n,l/ may often be heard as [v,tʃ,ɲ,ʎ].^[9]

Vowels

[ɨ] is heard as an allophone of /i/.^[10]

Notes

↑Terena at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)Kinikinao & Guaná at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)Chané at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
↑Butler, Nancy Evelyn; Ekdahl, Elizabeth Muriel (1979). Aprenda Terêna, Vol. 1 (in Portuguese). Summer Institute of Linguistics.
1 2Aikhenvald 1999.
↑Rosa, Andréa (2010). Aspectos morfológicos do terena (Aruák)(PDF) (Thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Três Lagoas: Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. pp. 71–72. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2024-05-26.
↑Carvalho, Fernando (2016-03-10). "Terena, Chané, Guaná and Kinikinau are one and the same language:: setting the record straight on southern Arawak linguistic diversity". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas (in Portuguese). 16 (1): 39–57. doi:10.20396/liames.v16i1.8646165. ISSN 2177-7160.
↑Carvalho, Fernando O. de (Fall 2019). "Etymology meets ethnohistory: Linguistic evidence for the pre-historic origin of the Guaná-Chané in the Northwestern Chaco". Anthropological Linguistics. 61 (3): 341–363. doi:10.1353/anl.2019.0020. JSTOR 27023791.
↑Carvalho, Fernando O. de (April 2018). "Arawakan-Guaicuruan Language Contact in The South American Chaco". International Journal of American Linguistics. 84 (2): 243–263. doi:10.1086/696198.
↑Carvalho, Fernando O. de (2017). "Tupi-Guarani Loanwords in Southern Arawak: Taking Contact Etymologies Seriously". Revista Linguí∫tica. 13 (3): 41–74. doi:10.31513/linguistica.2017.v13n3a16383.
↑Silva, Denise (2013). Estudo lexicografico da lingua terena: proposta de um dicionário terena-português (Thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Araraquara: Universidade Estadual Paulista. hdl:11449/102358.
↑Nascimento, Gardênia (2012). Aspectos Gramaticais da Língua Terena(PDF) (Thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.

References

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1999). "The Arawak language family". In Dixon, R. M. W.; Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (eds.). The Amazonian Languages.

[e18-1] Terena at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)Kinikinao & Guaná at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)Chané at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Butler, Nancy Evelyn; Ekdahl, Elizabeth Muriel (1979). Aprenda Terêna, Vol. 1 (in Portuguese). Summer Institute of Linguistics.

[FOOTNOTEAikhenvald1999-3] 1 2Aikhenvald 1999.

[4] Rosa, Andréa (2010). Aspectos morfológicos do terena (Aruák)(PDF) (Thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Três Lagoas: Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. pp. 71–72. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2024-05-26.

[5] Carvalho, Fernando (2016-03-10). "Terena, Chané, Guaná and Kinikinau are one and the same language:: setting the record straight on southern Arawak linguistic diversity". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas (in Portuguese). 16 (1): 39–57. doi:10.20396/liames.v16i1.8646165. ISSN 2177-7160.

[6] Carvalho, Fernando O. de (Fall 2019). "Etymology meets ethnohistory: Linguistic evidence for the pre-historic origin of the Guaná-Chané in the Northwestern Chaco". Anthropological Linguistics. 61 (3): 341–363. doi:10.1353/anl.2019.0020. JSTOR 27023791.

[7] Carvalho, Fernando O. de (April 2018). "Arawakan-Guaicuruan Language Contact in The South American Chaco". International Journal of American Linguistics. 84 (2): 243–263. doi:10.1086/696198.

[8] Carvalho, Fernando O. de (2017). "Tupi-Guarani Loanwords in Southern Arawak: Taking Contact Etymologies Seriously". Revista Linguí∫tica. 13 (3): 41–74. doi:10.31513/linguistica.2017.v13n3a16383.

[9] Silva, Denise (2013). Estudo lexicografico da lingua terena: proposta de um dicionário terena-português (Thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Araraquara: Universidade Estadual Paulista. hdl:11449/102358.

[10] Nascimento, Gardênia (2012). Aspectos Gramaticais da Língua Terena(PDF) (Thesis) (in Brazilian Portuguese). Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

Terêna language

Dialects

Language contact

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

See also

Notes

References

関連するトピック

Terenas

Portuguese

Mato Grosso do Sul

active–stative