電離層観測装置

典型的なイオノグラムは、F2層の臨界周波数（foF2）が約5.45MHzであることを示している。

イオノゾンデ、またはチャープサウンダーは、電離層を調査するための特殊なレーダーです。イオノゾンデの基本技術は、1925年にグレゴリー・ブライトとマール・A・トゥーブ^[¹^]によって発明され、1920年代後半にエドワード・ビクター・アップルトンを含む多くの著名な物理学者によってさらに発展しました。電離層という用語、ひいてはその派生語の語源は、ロバート・ワトソン＝ワットによって提案されました。

コンポーネント

イオノゾンデは以下から構成されます。

高周波（HF）無線送信機で、広範囲にわたって自動的に周波数調整が可能である。一般的に周波数範囲は0.5～23MHzまたは1～40MHzであるが、通常は1.6～12MHz程度の範囲で掃引が行われる。
送信機の周波数を自動的に追跡できる追跡型HF受信機。
適切な放射パターンを持ち、垂直上方向への送信性能が高く、使用周波数帯域全体にわたって効率的なアンテナ。
デジタル制御回路およびデータ解析回路。

送信機はHF周波数帯域の全部または一部を掃引し、短いパルスを送信します。これらのパルスは、高度100～400km （62～249マイル）の電離層の様々な層で反射され、その反射波が受信機で受信され、制御システムによって解析されます。その結果は、反射高度（実際にはパルスの送信から受信までの時間）と搬送波周波数の関係を示すグラフであるイオノグラムとして表示されます。

イオノゾンデは、高周波帯域における放送や双方向通信に最適な動作周波数を見つけるために使用される。

イオノグラム

ローウェル・デジゾンデで作成されたイオノグラム。各種表示および記録に関する解説付き。

イオノグラムとは、イオノゾンデによって生成されたデータを表示するものです。厳密に言えば、表示に使用されるデータ自体をイオノグラムと呼ぶこともできますが、多くの場合、これは暗黙のうちに示されています。イオノグラムは、電離層の仮想高度を周波数に対してプロットしたグラフです。イオノグラムは、しばしば電子密度プロファイルに変換されます。イオノグラムのデータは、宇宙天気現象による地球の電離層の変化を測定するために使用されることがあります。

上記のイオノグラムの凡例は、「X-」と「X+」をそれぞれ「Vx-」と「Vx+」に置き換えることで、より分かりやすく理解できます。これらは、異常反射波の垂直反射を表します。「Vo-」と「Vo+」は通常反射波を表します。通常反射波とは、地磁気が存在しないかのように振る舞う波のことです。

ARTISTは、左側の表に示されている特性パラメータ値を「スケーリング」（推論または計算）するために使用されるソフトウェアプログラムです。ここに示されているバージョンは「5」で、2022年3月時点での最新バージョンです。Ion2Pngは、イオノグラム画像を作成するために使用されるソフトウェアプログラムです。

チャープ送信機

チャープ送信機は、HF 無線スペクトルを定期的に掃引する短波無線送信機です。特定の周波数を監視している場合、信号が通過するとチャープ音が聞こえます（CWまたはSSBモードの場合）。電離層特性の調査に用いられるほか、^[²^]これらの送信機は超水平線レーダーシステムにも使用されます。^[³^]

既存の送信機の分析は、SDR技術を使用して行われています。^{[ 4 ]}チャープ送信機をより適切に識別するために、次の表記法が使用されます。<繰り返しレート(秒)>:<チャープオフセット(秒)>、ここで、繰り返しレートは2つのスイープ間の時間(秒 )であり、チャープオフセットは、1時間経過後に0 MHzからの最初のスイープの時間(秒)です。初期周波数が0 MHzより大きい場合、オフセット時間は0 MHzに線形外挿できます。^{[ 2 ]}

イオノゾンデ観測地点一覧

4300km 2672マイル

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\", \"description\": \"Russia ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?params=77.5;-69.2_dim:2000 77.5,-69.2])\", \"marker-symbol\": \"-number-F30\", \"marker-size\": \"medium\", \"marker-color\": \"#DB3123\" }, \"geometry\": {\"type\": \"Point\", \"coordinates\": [-69.2,77.5] } }, { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": { \"title\": \"TRIVANDRUM
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電離層観測所の地図（GIRO/DIDB）

参考文献

↑ FC Judd, G2BCX (1987). Radio Wave Propagation (HF Bands) . London: Heinemann. pp. 12–20 , 27–37 . ISBN 978-0-434-90926-1。{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: 数値名: 著者リスト (リンク)
1 2ピーター・マルティネス、G3PLX: チャープとHF伝搬http://jcoppens.com/radio/prop/g3plx/index.en.php
↑レーダーハンドブック (M. Skolnik) http://www.helitavia.com/skolnik/Skolnik_chapter_24.pdf
↑ Pieter-Tjerk de Boer、PA3FWM: SDR を使用して分析されたチャープ信号http://websdr.ewi.utwente.nl:8901/chirps/

さらに読む

デイヴィス、ケネス（1990）。電離層電波。IEE電磁波シリーズ第31巻。ロンドン、英国：ピーター・ペレグリナス社／電気学会。93 ～ 111ページ。ISBN 978-0-86341-186-1。
Gwyn Williams、G4FKH（2009年5月）。「デジタルイオノグラムの解釈」。RadCom。85 （5 ）：44-46。{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: 数値名: 著者リスト (リンク)
Breit, G.; Tuve, MA (1926). "導電層の存在のテスト". Physical Review . 28 (3): 554–575 . Bibcode : 1926PhRv...28..554B . doi : 10.1103/PhysRev.28.554 .
Appleton, EV (1931年1月)「無線エコーのタイミング、テレビジョンと画像伝送の利用」ワイヤレスワールド(14): 43–44。
ngdc.noaa.gov国立地球物理データセンター
Gwyn Williams、G4FKH（2009年5月）。「デジタルイオノグラムの解釈」。RadCom。85 （5 ）：44-46。{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: 数値名: 著者リスト (リンク)

外部リンク

ngdc.noaa.gov：NOAA イオノゾンデ情報およびデータサービスへのポータル
ngdc.noaa.gov : NOAAダイナゾンデ：高度なプロトタイプ解析手法によるリアルタイム電離層探査装置。
http://aintel.bi.ehu.es/chirps-data/chirps.html
http://ulcar.uml.edu/digisonde.html : ローウェル大気研究センター、マサチューセッツ州、アメリカ合衆国
http://ulcar.uml.edu/stationlist.html : 場所別の電離層観測所（一部）一覧
http://car.uml.edu/common/DIDBFastStationList : DIDBase 高速ステーション一覧
http://www.iono.noa.gr : アテネ国立天文台（ギリシャ）
http://www.sil.sk.ca/content/cadi : カナダ先進デジタル電離層観測装置（CADI）

[Judd1988-1] FC Judd, G2BCX (1987). Radio Wave Propagation (HF Bands) . London: Heinemann. pp. 12–20 , 27–37 . ISBN 978-0-434-90926-1。{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: 数値名: 著者リスト (リンク)

[jcoppens-2] 1 2ピーター・マルティネス、G3PLX: チャープとHF伝搬http://jcoppens.com/radio/prop/g3plx/index.en.php

[3] レーダーハンドブック (M. Skolnik) http://www.helitavia.com/skolnik/Skolnik_chapter_24.pdf

[4] Pieter-Tjerk de Boer、PA3FWM: SDR を使用して分析されたチャープ信号http://websdr.ewi.utwente.nl:8901/chirps/

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