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ダイバーは、スキューバダイビングやその他のダイビング器具を使用して水中に潜ったり、高圧の呼吸ガスを使用したりする場合、特定の身体的および健康上のリスクに直面します。これらの要因のいくつかは、ケーソンなど、水外で高圧環境で働く人々にも影響を及ぼします。この記事では、ダイバーがダイビング中にさらされる可能性のある危険と、これらの危険の考えられる結果を、記載された結果の直接的な原因の詳細とともに列挙します。また、リスクを軽減するか結果を緩和することによって脆弱性を軽減するために講じることができる予防措置も列挙します。理解され認識されている危険は、適切な予防措置が講じられればリスクが低くなり、緩和手順が計画され実施されていれば結果がそれほど深刻にならない可能性があります。
ハザードとは、生命、健康、財産、または環境に一定の脅威をもたらすあらゆる因子または状況です。ほとんどのハザードは潜在的または潜在的であり、理論上の危害リスクしかありません。ハザードがアクティブになり、望ましくない結果を生み出すと、インシデントと呼ばれ、緊急事態または事故につながる可能性があります。ハザードと脆弱性は発生可能性と相互作用してリスクを生み出します。リスクは、特定のハザードの特定の望ましくない結果の確率、または特定の活動のすべてのハザードの望ましくない結果の総合的な確率になります。ダイビングでは複数のハザードが同時に存在するのが一般的であり、その影響は一般にダイバーに対するリスクの増加です。特に、1 つのハザードによるインシデントの発生が他のハザードを誘発し、結果としてインシデントの連鎖が発生します。ダイビング中の死亡事故の多くは、ダイバーを圧倒する連鎖的なインシデントの結果です。ダイバーは、合理的に予見可能な単一のインシデントに対処できるはずです。ダイビング中に発生する可能性がかなり高い、合理的に予測可能な単一の事故にダイバーが対処できないと予想される場合、ダイビングの評価されたリスクは一般に容認できないとみなされます。正確にどこに線を引くかは状況によって異なります。商業ダイビング業務は、職業上の健康および安全に関する法律による制約が比較的少ないレクリエーション ダイバー、特にテクニカル ダイバーよりもリスクを許容しない傾向があります。
レクリエーションダイビングにおける減圧症および動脈ガス塞栓症は、特定の人口統計学的、環境的、およびダイビングスタイルの要因と関連しています。2005 年に発表された統計調査では、年齢、性別、BMI、喫煙、喘息、糖尿病、心血管疾患、過去の減圧症、認定後の年数、昨年のダイビング、ダイビング日数、反復シリーズのダイビング数、最後のダイビング深度、ナイトロックスの使用、およびドライスーツの使用という潜在的なリスク要因がテストされました。喘息、糖尿病、心血管疾患、喫煙、または BMI と減圧症または動脈ガス塞栓症との有意な関連は見つかりませんでした。深度の増加、過去の DCI、ダイビング日数、および男性であることは、減圧症および動脈ガス塞栓症のリスクが高いことと関連していました。ナイトロックスとドライスーツの使用、過去 1 年間のダイビング頻度が高いこと、年齢が高くなること、および認定後の年数は、より広範なトレーニングと経験の指標として、リスクが低いことと関連していました。[1]
統計によると、ダイビングによる死亡者数は、ダイバー10万人あたり16.4人、ドライバー10万人あたり16人で、自動車事故と同程度です。ダイバーアラートネットワークの2014年のデータによると、アメリカには317万4千人のレクリエーションスキューバダイバーがおり、そのうち235万1千人が年間1～7回、82万3千人が年間8回以上ダイビングしています。平均すると年間5回程度になると言っても過言ではありません。[2]
水環境
水中環境での呼吸器具の使用
加圧環境への曝露と圧力変化
降下中の圧力変化
上昇中の圧力変化
高圧下での呼吸ガス
特定のダイビング環境
ダイバーの既存の生理学的および心理的状態
ダイバーの行動と能力
呼吸器以外の潜水器具の故障
ダイビングタスクの危険性と特殊装備
特殊用途の水中ツールに特有の危険性については、ツールの記事で説明する必要がありますが、ここで追加することもできます。
The dive platform and support equipment
See also
- Alternobaric vertigo – Dizziness resulting from unequal pressures in the middle ears
- Cave diving – Diving in water-filled caves
- Freediving blackout – Loss of consciousness caused by cerebral hypoxia towards the end of a breath-hold dive
- Diver rescue – Rescue of a distressed or incapacitated diver
- Diver training – Processes to develop the skills and knowledge to dive safely underwater
- Divers Alert Network – International group of not-for-profit organizations for improving diving safety
- Diving equipment – Equipment used to facilitate underwater diving
- Diving hazards – Agents and situations that pose a threat to the underwater diver
- Diving safety – Risk management of underwater diving activities
- Hazard – Situation or object that can cause damage
- Human factors in diving safety – The influence of physical, cognitive and behavioral characteristics of divers on safety
- Risk assessment – Estimation of risk associated with exposure to a given set of hazards
- Rubicon Foundation – Non-profit organization for promoting research and information access for underwater diving
- Task loading – Relationship between operator capacity and the accumulated activities that must be done
- Taravana – Decompression sickness after breath-hold diving
- Wreck diving – Recreational diving on wrecks
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15 feet long, 4 feet side to side. in the sunken Admiralty floating dock in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka
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Further reading
- Chung, J; Brugger, J; Curley, M; Wallick, M; Perkins, R; Regis, D; Latson, G (2011). "Health survey of U.S. Navy divers from 1960 to 1990: A first look". US Navy Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report 2011-11. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-08.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - Edmonds, C; Thomas, R; McKenzie, B; Pennefather, J (2012). Diving Medicine for Scuba Divers (5th ed.). Archived from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
External links
- Diving Diseases Research Centre