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Settlement is the downward movement or the sinking of a structure's foundation. It is mostly caused by changes in the underlying soil, such as drying and shrinking, wetting and softening, or compression due to the soil being poorly compacted when construction started.[1]
Distortion or disruption of parts of a building may occur due to
- unequal compression of its foundations;
- shrinkage, such as that which occurs in timber-framed buildings as the frame adjusts its moisture content; or
- undue loads being applied to the building after its initial construction.[2]
Settlement should not be confused with subsidence which results from the load-bearing ground upon which a building sits reducing in level, for instance in areas of mine workings where shafts collapse underground.
Some settlement is quite normal after construction has been completed, but unequal or differential settlement may cause significant problems for buildings. Traditional green oak-framed buildings are designed to settle with time as the oak seasons and warps, lime mortar rather than Portland cement is used for its elastic properties and glazing will often employ small leaded lights which can accept movement more readily than larger panes.
Measurement of settlements
The magnitude of settlements can be measured using different techniques such as:
- Surveying[3]
- Settlement cells[4]
- Tiltmeters[5]
- Borehole extensometers[6]
- Full-profile gauge[7]
- Settlement platforms
See also
References
- ^ "The ultimate guide to foundation settlement". Groundworks. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
- ^ Curl, James Stevens (2006). A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (Paperback) (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 880 pages. ISBN 0-19-860678-8.
- ^ Fayed, Sabry; Mansour, Walid; Farhan, Magda H. (2022-04-01). "Using Surveying Instruments in Monitoring 3D Deformations of RC Structure Subjected to Differential Settlement of Its Footings". Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 47 (4): 5315–5336. doi:10.1007/s13369-021-06316-w. ISSN 2191-4281.
- ^ Ebrahimi, Ali; Viswanath, Meena; Zhu, Ming; Beech, John F.; Bachus, Robert (2015-03-17). Field Calibration and Data Interpretation of a Settlement Cell System. IFCEE 2015. American Society of Civil Engineers. pp. 2533–2543. doi:10.1061/9780784479087.235. ISBN 978-0-7844-7908-7.
- ^ Kim, Cheehwan (2013-04-30). "Measurement of Tunnel Arch Settlements Ahead of and Behind the Tunnel Face Using a Horizontal Inclinometer and Settlement Pins". Journal of Korean Society for Rock Mechanics. 23 (2): 120–129. doi:10.7474/TUS.2013.23.2.120. ISSN 1225-1275.
- ^ Bayoumi, Ahmed (2011-01-01). "On the Evaluation of Settlement Measurements Using Borehole Extensometers". Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. 29 (1): 75–90. Bibcode:2011GGEng..29...75B. doi:10.1007/s10706-010-9352-2. ISSN 1573-1529.
- ^ Tomás, R. ; Cuenca Payá, A.; Delgado, J.; Doménech, C. (2002). "Auscultación de terraplenes mediante línea continua de asientos en la Vega Baja del Segura (Alicante). Comparación con los asientos previstos" (PDF). Carreteras. 124: 50–59.
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